Neurobiology of Human Sexuality
Human sexuality is a topic that has been taboo for many centuries. The orgasm, for example, is one aspect of sexuality that has been overlooked. In particular, the female orgasm is an important function to address because it's a subject that has been socially steeped in silence and shame, and is directly connected to female health in general. Not many people are willing to admit, that orgasms actually benefit a woman physically and psychologically in many ways (i.e. easing menstrual cramps to alleviate stress). One mystery about the female orgasm is why some women "fake" orgasms during sexual activity. One thing that is for sure, is that even though the male orgasm is reached quicker, the female orgasm is capable of repeated pleasure. Why do so many women have difficulty experiencing an orgasm and why do men climax so fast? Interestingly enough, most women will confess that their partners do not give them orgasm. Instead, they allow themselves to have orgasms. Not only that, but they can have a variety of different types of orgasms at the same time. (i.e. clitoral orgasms, G-spot orgasms, vaginal orgasms, ejaculatory orgasms, blended orgasms, etc). Men will comment for example, that the scent of a woman is what drives them crazy during sexual activity and makes them unable to hold the sensation for long. So do women have more control over physical pleasure in the brain than men? How do sexual problems happen in the brain?
There is a combination of things that come in effect when it comes to an orgasm in the brain. Neurotransmitters, and neuro-peptides for example, are heavily involved in the sexual response. To reach an orgasm, the central nervous system sends orders to the heart, so that it pumps faster, sending blood to oxygenate the increase of blood flow in muscles involved in sexual activity. Nitric oxide, serotonin, dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, are just a few of the neurotransmitters and neuro-peptides involved in sexual activity. Nitric oxide (NO) plays a critical role in both male and female sexuality. In penile erections, NO stimulates the release of guanylate cyclase, which, in turn, converts GTP to cGMP and produces relaxation of smooth muscles and increased blood flow into the penis. This information is used in the popular drug sildenafil (ViagraTM) that inhibits the metabolism of cGMP to prolong the effects of the erection. (1) Serotonin's role in sexual function is that of constriction of smooth muscles in the genitals, and peripheral nerve function.
Sildenafil is a pharmaceutical breakthrough not only because it is the most effective treatment for erectile dysfunction available, but also because it is "the first in a new class of medications" (FDA, par. 3). But to understand how this drug works, it is necessary to explain the physiology of erection in the normally functioning male. Under normal circumstances, sexual excitement results in the release of nitric oxide. Next, the nitric oxide will activate guanylate cyclase, ...
Patterson, James. “Brown v Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy (Pivotal Moments in American History).” Oxford University Press., 2001.
Masters and Johnson were a pioneering team in the field of human sexuality, both in the domains of research and therapy. William Howell Masters, a gynecologist, was born in Cleveland, Ohio in 1915. Virginia Eshelman Johnson, a psychologist, was born in Springfield, Montana in 1925. To fully appreciate their contribution, it is necessary to see their work in historic context. In 1948, Alfred C. Kinsey and his co-workers, responding to a request by female students at Indiana University for more information on human sexual behavior, published the book Sexual Behavior in the Human Male. They followed this five years later with Sexual Behavior in the Human Female. These books began a revolution in social awareness of and public attention given to human sexuality. At the time, public morality severely restricted open discussion of sexuality as a human characteristic, and specific sexual practices, especially sexual behaviors that did not lead to procreation. Kinsey's books, which among other things reported findings on the frequency of various sexual practices including homosexuality, caused a furor. Some people felt that the study of sexual behavior would undermine the family structure and damage American society. It was in this climate - one of incipient efforts to break through the denial of human sexuality and considerable resistance to these efforts - that Masters and Johnson began their work. Their primary contribution has been to help define sexuality as a healthy human trait and the experience of great pleasure and deep intimacy during sex as socially acceptable goals. As a physician interested in the nature of sexuality and the sexual experience, William Masters wanted to conduct research that would lead to an objective understanding of these topics. In 1957, he hired Virgina Johnson as a research assistant to begin this research issue. Together they developed polygraph-like instruments that were designed to measure human sexual response. Using these tools, Masters and Johnson initiated a project that ultimately included direct laboratory observation and measurement of 700 men and women while they were having intercourse or masturbating. Based on the data collected in this study, they co-authored the book Human Sexual Response in 1966. In this book, they identify and describe four phases in the human sexual response cycle : excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. By this point in time, the generally repressive attitude toward sexuality was beginning to lift and the book found a ready audience.
Plagiarism is becoming a real problem now that we have the internet(Cafferty, Serwer). More people are using the work of others, but the ways of spotting it have improved. Many more are being caught than before due to the good and bad aspects of the internet. As one can see, the internet provides both advantages and disadvantages, but we take the bad with the good in stride.
The term sexual orientation is known as the preference of one’s sexual partners, whether the same sex, opposite sex, or both sexes. Sexual orientation occurs when a child reaches the adolescent stages in life (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015). Adolescents activate their sexual orientation within four steps that create their identity. Adolescents are unaware of their identity at the beginning stages of sexual orientation. They work their way into the exploration stage by learning their preference of sexual partners. Once they are aware of their sexual identity, they will start the process of acceptance. Once acceptance is achieved, they will begin to integrate their sexual orientation into their lives (Gallor & Fassinger, 2010).
...impact on an athlete’s life in a positive way and lead them in a successful direction, it all lies within their hands. A positive healthy relationship between a coach and a player is a key aspect for a successful coach.
Sex is a very taboo topic for teenagers that is met with shyness, excitement, and a surge of hormones - it is no wonder that this novel experience is one that many risk-seeking, dopamine filled teenagers are drawn towards. Looking to research for explanation, Galván's paper details a monkey behavioral study done to parallel dopamine response in adolescents. The experiment showed a resounding conclusion that repeating the same reward again and again led to the dopamine response moving earlier in time towards the cue rather than to the reward itself, seemingly in anticipation. Additionally, these dopamine responses mapped on to faster reaction times in behavior. Relating this to adolescent sexual behaviors, then, it would seem that after multiple
Coaches of sports teams in actuality are much too strict on their athletes, one reason being they can get carried away and abuse their athletes. According to Dr. Alan Goldberg “Coaches forget that the game is for the kids, people nowadays just want to win rather the be a good coach and teach their athletes” (Dr. Alan Goldberg, 2018). A connection to this is about a coach at a local high school in Indiana. He has been bullying his athletes calling them stupid and lazy, once a pediatrician heard about this she went into a practice trying to talk to the coach. Within ten minutes she realized that it was the coach talking to her and she was on the defensive side. If she can't even get to the coach, how can the kids? This is when coaching crosses
Educators are interested in the extent of Internet plagiarism, why some students plagiarize using the Internet, and what they can do to prevent students from cheating when they use online resources. I will attempt to address these concerns in this paper.
The activation of men’s sexual organs would be androgen hormones. Androgens are a major contributor in male’s sexual hormones. Testosterone is the most commonly known active and abundant androgen hormone. Androsterone is an inactive androgen that is made by the metabolism of testosterone and is developed in the male testes. Androgens have the ability to influence several different actions and desires within men. Usually, androgens are known as the masculine hormones although they are also found in women as well. Although not an androgen, many studies observe cortisol along with androgens because cortisol is a response to stress, also known as the "get-up-and-go" hormone. It gives men bravery to overcome challenges to reach their goals. It appears that men pride themselves in having high levels of androgens because it makes a man, a “macho man.” But what happens to androgen levels when these masculine men are exposed to situations in which they are expected to act graciously? What happens to these levels when they are preforming a task that is thought of as un-masculine? For instance, do androgen hormones levels rise or fall when men are in a relationship or become fathers? It is hypothesized that androgen levels would be lower in men who are in a committed relationship and/or in men who are fathers. Perhaps this is caused by the stress obtained or lack thereof from being in a relationship or from being a father. In this paper, we will discuss the effects of stress on men and their androgen levels, determine how being in a committed relationship can effect androgen levels, determine whether or not sexual orientation is a factor in these effects, and lastly we will be looking at how being a father or desiring to be a father can effe...
Blackledge, Catherine. "The Function of the Orgasm." Gender, Sex, and Sexuality. New York: Oxford University, 2009. 272-84. Print.
5. Dr. C. Barnbaum, "A students guide to recognizing it and avoiding it." June 20, 2009. Retrieved: March 19, 2010. Valdosta, GA. From http://www.valdosta.edu/~cbarnbau/personal/teaching_MISC/plagiarism.htm
It is approached as the instincts section of the mind. It demands, needs of pleasure, and it avoids pain. One of the most common power that the of has is Eros, this motivates the brain to allow people think of the pleasurable seeking side of their minds (e.g. sexual behaviours). Sex is used in advertisements for example; it is used in majority of perfume/aftershave advertisements. The style of these adverts are toned down so that there is no actual activities within the advertisements but in some ways there are some indications that it 's leading up to
Ascending genital sensory input also plays an important role in central processing and initiation of erection and sexual arousal. Areas which receive afferents from the penis include the caudal thalamic intralaminar nuclei (Heath, 1964), which is the terminal point for this pathway, and the medullary reticular formation (Hubscher & Johnson, 1996), hypothalamus (Wersinger et al., 1993), and periaqueductal gray (Steer, 2000) along the way.
The most sensitive factor was that of apprehension, but in predictor variables, the self-rated importance of sex to the patient and the perceived importance of sex to the partner were strongly related to the affective factors (Burnett, Lechner, & Rowland, 2012), thus showing the importance of self and partner expectations of sex towards sexual dysfunction. Another similar study investigated if there was a relationship or a correlation between perceived prevalence of sexual dysfunction and definition and prevalence of sexual function and satisfaction (Chang, Gorzalka, & Klein, 2013). Therefore, not only dysfunctional beliefs regarding sexual functioning, but also perceived prevalence of sexual dysfunction and the definition can lead to sexual difficulties for women. However, the study did not show any significant relationship between these factors and the sexual functioning of