Nephrolithiasis, also known as kidney stone, affects up to 5% of the population, with a lifetime risk of passing a kidney stone of about 8-10% (Parmar 2004).
Conforming to Melmed, Polonsky, Larsen & Kronenberg (2011) the waste products of the blood can form crystals which can collect inside the kidneys and aggregate to form stones. Normally the stones are composed of phosphate, oxalate, uric acid, and magnesium ammonium phosphate, single or combined. The type of stone is determined by the pathogenic mechanisms. When the stones are find in the bladder, ureters, renal tubules and collecting system they tend to be symptomatic. When the urine is oversaturated with the stones constituents the stones are formed. During the passage through the renal tubules the crystals aggregate into stones. In order to allow more time for growth the crystals anchor themselves to the renal tubular epithelium in the renal papillae and Randall’s plaques. The concentration of excreted ions is influenced by the diet. The intake of fluids can reduce the stone formation and growth. A reduction in the sodium int...
There are two types of glomerulonephritis—acute renal failure (ARF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The ACF form generally develops suddenly as a result of an infection or illness, such as, group A streptococci bacteria, hepatitis, or in diseases such as lupus or HIV (Mathias, 2013). This type may require dialysis to replace renal function while it lasts, however, kidney function usually returns after the primary illness is treated. Many acute patients will not have any other complications as no permanent damage is done. Whereas CKD is found in a person that has had glomerulonephritis for months to years in some cases and may be asymptomatic until the kidney has become irreversibly damaged. ARF can evolve to become chronic if the glomeruli do not respond to
Nephrolithiasis or kidney stone formation is a common form of renal disease characterized by crystal deposition in the renal medulla as a result of urinary supersaturation (Worcester and Coe 2009). It is the second most common kidney condition, and kidney stones affect approximately 6-12% of the United States population with the most affected subpopulation being Caucasian males. Nephrolithiasis is considered a systemic disorder that is associated with chronic kidney disease, an increased risk of coronary artery disease, bone loss and fractures, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (Sakhaee et al. 2012).
The scientific name of a kidney infection is known as pyelonephritis. There are two types of pyelonephritis infections, acute and chronic. Acute pyelonephritis is sudden and limited and can be cured/treated using antibiotics. However, if it is a chronic infection, it is long-lasting and occurs due to birth defects; it can lead to scarring in the kidneys, as well. Kidney infections can occur in both men and women. Although, according to Chih-Yen’s study of chronic infection, “Females (36.1%, 60/166) were more prone to have upper UTIs than males (11.8%, 13/110)” (Chih-Yeh, 2014; Chih-Yeh et al., 2014). In addition, age is not an important number due to the presence of Escherichia coli present in everyone’s body. It is dependent on time and health of an individual for the infection to present itself. Moreover, a study on children and adolescent transplantation concluded that, “UTI was uncommon in children after the first month of transplantation. Two significant risk factors for UTI were female gender and neurogenic bladder in this transplant population” (Fallahzadeh, 2011; Fallahzadeh et al., 2011). From the peer-reviewed papers, it is clear that females are more prone to UTI infection, overall, than
Giurescu, M., Hu, T., & Obembe, O. (2010). Role of imaging in breast cancer detection.
Baxter, N. (2001). Preventive health care, 2001 update: Should women be routinely taught breast self-examination to screen for breast cancer? CMAJ, 164(13), 1837-1846.
Renal Failure Renal failure is a broad health problem that is prevalent in today’s general population. There are five different types of kidney failure categorize the diagnosis of renal failure. Having a definition of Kidney Failure helps form an understanding of medical treatment issues surrounding this diagnosis and the impact had on not only the individuals but on support systems as well. Healthcare Diagnosis/Problem
Treatment for primary, localized breast cancer commonly includes surgical interventions based on tumor type, size, and stage. Certain procedures such as a local excision or lumpectomy conserve more of a woman’s breast than others, where only the breast lump and surrounding area of tissue are removed. A mastectomy is a more radical procedure that removes the entire breast. After a mastectomy, some women choose to have breast reconstructive surgery to restore their sense of body integrity (LeMone et al., 2011). Recently, surgical techniques have improved, resulting in less radical and invasive surgeries. The increase in breast conserving surgery has been related to screening mammograms. On average, screening for breast cancer detects tumors in smaller and earlier stages, enabling patients to begin treatment before the cancer advances to more invasive stages (Watts, 2013).
“One in every ten women in the United States will develop breast cancer sometime during her life”. (Breast Care). More than six percent of these cases are linked to hereditary. There are many measures that can be taken to detect breast cancer early in its stages. Women who believe they have a higher risk should have the breast cancer gene testing.
Many people think if they do not feel any lumps in their breasts there is nothing to worry about. That is not always the case. “Mammography remains the “golden standard” screening method for women…and reliably identifies malignant tumors, especially those that are too small to feel (“Advances in breast imaging”). “Checking one’s own breasts for lumps or other unusual changes is called a breast self-exam, or BSE. This type of exam cannot replace regular screening mammograms or clinical breast exams. In clinical trials, BSE alone was not found to help reduce the number of deaths from breast cancer (cancer.gov)”. Mammograms are necessary because performing a self-exam does not always find what is there. Although self-breast exams have been known to catch lumps in the breast, mammograms have found more due to the fact that they can detect very small cancer much sooner than self-breast exams can. Also not very many people know how to correctly administer a self-breast exam. It is recommended that if you do perform self-exams you should also get routine mammograms. If you rely solely on self-exams, it may be too la...
The kidneys are responsible for several necessary functions, which include maintain proper blood pressure levels, filtering toxins and wastes from the bloodstream, excreting the waste through urine, contribute to the production of red blood cells and producing a variety of essential enzymes and hormones. Approximately 30 percent of cats develop kidney disease during their lifetime; many of these cases will progress to kidney failure. When the kidneys fail to perform properly, the cat 's life is at risk.
A urinary tract infection is a very common infection that can happen to anybody. A urinary tract infection usually occurs when bacteria enters the urethra and multiples in the urinary system. The Urinary tract includes the kidneys, the thin tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder (ureters), and the main tube that carries the urine from the bladder (urethra). Women, men, and children are all immune to this infection. Women have the highest chances of getting it. In the Urinary tract, the main links of the ureters help get rid of any bacteria that tries to enter the urine, and the bladder helps prevent urine from backing up into the kidneys.
These wastes are derived from the liquid and food that the individual had consumed. In cases of compromised kidney function, the kidneys are no longer able to remove or filter wastes in the normal way. This means that wastes are left to accumulate in the bloodstream. When this scenario takes hold, it can negatively impact the patient 's electrolytes, therefore, positive action has to be taken to optimize the situation. When patients follow a renal diet it can help to slow down the advancement of total kidney failure, and ameliorate kidney function. Along with chloride and potassium, sodium represents one of the body 's main three electrolytes. The latter manipulate the fluids with enter and leave the body’s cells and tissues. Therefore, patients with renal disease must monitor their intake of electrolytes. Keeping a daily food dairy is essential (Nephcure), and will be of great benefit to the dietitian who can pinpoint certain details.
The urinary system is a multi-organ system which consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. Although each specific organ has its own particular function, for the urinary system to work efficiently the organs need to work in synergy.
Glomerulonephritis is an overactive immune system that attacks the kidney causing inflammation and damage. Blood and protein in the urine are common problems that occur with this it can also kidney failure. Kidney stones are caused when minerals in the urine form crystals (stone) which may grow large enough to block urine flow. It’s considered one of the most painful conditions. Most kidney stones pass on their own, but some are too large and need to be treated. Diabetic nephropathy this condition progressively damages the kidneys, eventually causing chronic kidney disease. Protein in the urine may also result. Chronic renal failure is a permanent partial loss of kidney functions. Diabetes and high blood pressure are the causes of this disease. Many people like to think that if you eat right and don’t introduce certain food or liquids into the body that this will help keep the
Chronic Kidney Disease. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 2014. Web. 20 May 2014.