To answer the questions posed by the literature review, several articles were chosen to inform a study that was more synergistic in nature instead of experimental, spanning the fields of feminism, sociology, psychology, and anthropology. They provided two theoretical frameworks for racially driven stress the Minority Stress Model or the Acculturative Stress. The minority stress model is primarily found in LGBT literature describes a conflict between minority and majority values that leads to psychological distress and then poor health outcomes (Dentato, 2012). Meanwhile, the Acculturative Stress model is usually used in the context of Latino immigration and cultural dispersion, it describes the stresses and conflicts brought from entry into …show more content…
A jeopardy in itself is a potential vulnerability, a discrete vulnerable identity an individual may be a part of. “Additive jeopardy,” or double jeopardy or triple jeopardy, posits that multiple vulnerable identity statuses add risk and burden in an additive nature. Meanwhile, multiple jeopardy posits that the vulnerability of multiple identities interacts in an interdependent and multiplicative nature. The issue is that these two competing theoretical narratives have decided how minority status is perceived in study design and analysis for the field with the additive jeopardy model being the prevailing theme and limited research to bimodal experiments such as “SES in black men” or “Cardiovascular health in low-SES Asians.” The study Using Multiple-Hierarchy Stratification and Life Course Approaches to Understand Health Inequalities: The Intersecting Consequences of Race, Gender, SES, and Age by Tyson H. Brown et. al attempts to challenge this assertion by taking a multiple-hierarchy approach that conducts both in-group and out-group analysis. Their study found that poor self-rated health values track in multiplicative nature with the addition of vulnerable identities, ergo black, impoverished, women have the worst health outcomes, but however, the data does not …show more content…
While primarily focused on the ability of individuals to conform to professional roles, the theory of role strain can be easily extended to situations as being a minority in the workplace, an academic field, a neighborhood, a district, a city, or a nation that has its own prevailing culture. It accounts for many different roles situated within minority status, “housewife,” “single mother,” “affirmative hire,” “charity case,” “flamboyant friend,” and etc. However the measures of role strain leave an unprecedented possible for simplicity. If a measure was to be created that can account for the number of perceived roles, the multiplicative addition of stress and health outcomes, the issues of the social categorization and biological construction of minority statuses such as race, sexuality, and/or gender identifying fall to the
Social problems include difficulties with family relationships, isolation, interpersonal conflicts, and pressures of social roles. The Latino culture tends to place a higher premium on the well-being of the family unit over that of any one family member, a concept termed familialism (Smith & Montilla, 2006). In general, familialism emphasizes interdependence and connectedness in the family, and often extends familial ties beyond the nuclear family (Falicov, 1998). Given these values, Latinos often describe depression in terms of social withdrawal and isolation (Letamendi, et al., 2013). Social roles also play an important role in mental health, traditional gender roles in particular are strongly enforced and can be a source of distress. In Latino culture, men and women are expected to fulfill the roles outlined in the traditions of Machismo and Marianismo respectively. Machismo indicates that the man is supposed to be strong and authoritative, while Marianismo designates the woman as the heart of the family both morally and emotionally (Dreby, 2006). Although there is little research on causal factors, adherence to these traditional gender roles can pose a psychological burden and has been found to be strong predictor of depression (Nuñez, et al., 2015). The centrality of social problems in the conceptualization of depression for Latinos may be reflective of the collectivistic values that are characteristic of the group. Although these values have the potential to contribute to depression, they also have the potential to serve as protective factors and promote mental health (Holleran & Waller, 2003). Therefore, it is imperative that the counselor carefully consider cultural values, both in terms of potential benefits and drawbacks, to provide appropriate counseling to the Latino
Rogler, L. H., D. E. Cortes, et al. (1991). "Acculturation and mental health status among Hispanics. Convergence and new directions for research." Am Psychol 46(6): 585-597.
HIV/AIDS is a major risk factor affecting a large portion of the LGBT community, especially gay men. CDC.gov (2013) found that gay and bisexual men of all races continue to be at high risk for developing HIV. According to Krehely (2009) the drug and substance abuse risk factor, as well as mental health issues in the LGBT community often occur and are related to high rates of stress due to the lack of family acceptance of the LGBT lifestyle, systematic discrimination, and the lack of cultural competency in the health care environment. Sexu...
In groups of Latino farmers, social situations play a big role in health and happiness. Most Latina women are the spouses of farmworkers, but that does not mean they are free from stress and depression. The article assigned focused on two depression models to use when studying Latina women, the social stress paradigm, which focuses on socioeconomic disadvantages, and the interpersonal model of depression, which focuses on relationships. The health levels of these women, specifically depression, are heavily reliant on family ties and social concerns.
Thoits highlights how inequality results in differences of health outcomes among different groups of people. For example, African Americans and Hispanics generally have higher morbidity than whites. However, Thoits also focuses on the relationship between mental health and stress. Adolescents – who tend to be more stressed than older folks – more often suffer the onset of psychiatric disorders, a factor that becomes curbed with increased age (543). Thus, this shows how stress causes adverse mental health. In addition, Thoits also ties social status to stress levels in a way that is similar to the findings detailed in Stress: Portrait of a Killer. Highlighting previous studies, Thoits notes how there are cumulative stressors that particularly affect females, young adults, and members of racial-ethnic minorities (544). These “cumulative stressors closely paralleled inequalities in rate of physical and/or mental health problems by social status” (544). Once again, this shows how people who are disenfranchised or simply fall lower on social hierarchies are also those who experience more stress and, consequently, worse health outcomes. Finally, Thoits also argues that “stress can proliferate across generations” (545). In other words, the negative effects on health due to stress may be intergenerational.
Williams, D. (1999). Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Health: The Added Effects of Racism and Discrimination. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896, 173-188.
Latino homophobia still exists and continues to be a problem in today’s society. The Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) community is growing stronger because more people are coming out to rebel against the systems of society. Since the systems of society are based on cultural norms, the homophobia should be addressed because the LGBTQ community face different forms of violence and as a result new generations will be coming to be accepting them as normal individuals.
To understand the authors’ reasoning, the reader must first comprehend the facts. In society, there is a common stigma involved in being from a multiracial background. There are “over six million people identified with more than one racial group (Jones
Socioeconomic Disparities and health are growing at a rapid rate throughout the United States of America. To further understand the meaning of Socioeconomic Disparities, Health and Socioeconomic disparities & health, this essay will assist in providing evidence. Disparities can be defined in many ways, of which include ethnic and racial background and class types that deal with it the most. Due to the low income some individuals receive, they have less access to health care and are at risk for major health issues. Although, ethnicity and socioeconomic status should not determine the level of health care one should receive or whether not the individual receives healthcare.
Williams, David R., Risa Lavizzo-Mourey, and Rueben C. Warren. "The Concept of Race and Health Status in America." Public Health Reports. 109, no. 1 (January/February 1994): 26-41.
Daniels, Normal, Bruce P. Kennedy, and Ichiro Kawachi. "Why Justice Is Good for Our Health: The Social Determinants of Health Inequalities." Daeduls 128.4 (1999): 215-53. Print.
Ulbrich, P. M., Warheit, G. J., & Zimmerman, R. S. (1989). Race, socioeconomic status, and psychological distress: An examination of differential vulnerability. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 30, 131-146.
Times are changing and I feel like I am forced to conform to the everyday social norms of America, which makes me feel impuissance. Racial identity, which refers to identifying with a social group with similar phenotypes and racial category, is the only experience that I have with life (Organista, 2010). Racial ethnicity was used to build my self-esteem and to keep me in the dark when it came to how society treats individuals of darker complexion. However, once I left the confines of my family and neighborhood, I was forced to befriend and interact with individuals that had different cultural values and beliefs than me. This experience caused me to learn how to appreciate other racial and ethnic groups and their cultural values and belief. This is an accurate definition, of acculturation because I was able to understand and fit in with individuals different from me, while maintaining my own culture and ethnic identity. Therefore, knowing the importance of my ancestry, while acculturating and developing my own identity was all used
Cockerham (p.94) explains how racial inequalities in the United States can effect a person 's health. Some ethnicities such as Asians, are known for having great health and life expectancies, where as African Americans may experience many health issues and have shorter life spans. White Americans and Black Americans life span are different because African Americans are known for having disadvantages with health issues such as AIDS, cancer, and heart disease.
Joanna Almeida, Renee M. Johnson, Heather L. Corliss, Beth E. Molnar. Emotional Distress among LGBT Youth: The Influence of Percieved Discrimination Based On Sexual Orientation. 13 March 2014 .