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History of Artificial intelligence Essay
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Mindless Machines
The official foundations for "artificial intelligence" were set forth by A. M. Turing, in his 1950 paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" wherein he also coined the term and made predictions about the field. He claimed that by 1960, a computer would be able to formulate and prove complex mathematical theorems, write music and poetry, become world chess champion, and pass his test of artificial intelligences. In his test, a computer is required to carry on a compelling conversation with humans, fooling them into believing they are speaking with another human. All of his predictions require a computer to think and reason in the same manner as a human. Despite 50 years of effort, only the chess championship has come true. By refocusing artificial intelligence research to a more humanlike, cognitive model, the field will create machines that are truly intelligent, capable of meet Turing's goals. Currently, the only "intelligent" programs and computers are not really intelligent at all, but rather they are clever applications of different algorithms lacking expandability and versatility. The human intellect has only been used in limited ways in the artificial intelligence field, however it is the ideal model upon which to base research. Concentrating research on a more cognitive model will allow the artificial intelligence (AI) field to create more intelligent entities and ultimately, once appropriate hardware exists, a true AI.
Webster's Collegiate Dictionary defines intelligence as the capacity to apprehend facts and propositions, to reason about them, and the ability to understand them and their relations to each other. A. M. Turing had this definition in mind when he made his predictions and designed his test, commonly known as the Turing test. His test is, in principle, simple. A group of judges converse with different entities, some computers and some human, without knowledge of which is which. The job of the judges is to discern which entity is a computer. Judges may ask them any question they like, "Are you a computer?" excepted, and the participants may answer with anything they like, and in turn, ask questions of the judges. The concept of the test is not difficult, but creating an entity capable of passing the test with current technology is virtually impossible.
Current AI entities are only different applications of algorithms already in heavy use and are not actually intelligent.
War is an aspect of life where all human entities and instincts come to play only the strongest, smartest, and fittest win the fight. In the ancient world, many conflicts arose leading to wars and chaos, especially in the era of The Peloponnesian War . The Peloponnesian War was one of the most important conflicts in the ancient world, which Sparta won.The Peloponnesian war was started when Athens was found to be tunneling Delian league funds to their own military and city defense ultimately turning most allies against them. Many of which attempted to revolt, when Athens went to control it and did so violently, Sparta was inclined to step in. Sparta, in the end, takes the victory aside all the tribulations they suffered, and they won because of Athenian mistakes, their resilience, great leadership, and strong ground warfare.
A landfill is a place where garbage is deposited and buried. It is also called as disposal site. A disposal site is the place where solid waste such as paper, glass and metal are buried between a layers of dirt with other materials in order to reduce contamination of surrounding land. Landfills may include internal waste disposal sites where waste producers carries out their own waste disposal at
It is necessary to look at the development of artificial intelligence in order to put this idea into context. The concept of intelligent and aware constructs began to emerge in the 1950s and 60s as several scientists in many fields came together to discuss the possibilities of advanced computer research. The first major step was a scientific conference at Dartmouth College in 1956. Here, the general concepts and possible paths of research for a.i. were fleshed out. As described in Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, this conference was “the birth of artificial intelligence.” This was mostly a theoretical stage yet attending experts predicted that with a huge investment, working technology could be available in a generation (16). After being officially established, a.i. research and discovery exploded. Computer programs, a brand new idea, were already conquering algebra problems and speech recognition. Some could even reproduce English (18). It was clear that artificial intelligence research was going to be at the fo...
In ancient Greek history, we are able to find and learn about many important wars that took place. Arguably, one of the most devastating and important wars in Greek history was the Peloponnesian War. The war lasted for a brutal 27 years, which resulted in a tremendous loss of life and economic turmoil for Sparta, Athens and their allies. The reason that this war was so important was the effect that it had on Athens and its political system.
The idea of a utopia originated in Greek culture invented by the famous Plato.He strived to form a perfect, religious society in which everything was evenly shared. This matches perfectly with the definition of a utopia, a spiritual community. Not to mention the idea of all things in common is referred to in the bible, automatically giving the utopia roots a religious standpoint.
In this essay, I am going to anaylise the Peloponnesian War. I will look at what appears to have caused the war, how it developed, and what the outcome of it was. As Thucydides is virtually the only surviving primary source of this event, I will also discuss the man and his method.
Utopia is a nonexistent, but absolutely perfect place, as we can see from the beginning of the
Artificial intelligence is known as “the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it” (“Artificial Intelligence”, 2012). These so called machines usually recognize their environment and take actions that will likely be successful. After WWII many people began working on these intelligent machines. Mathematician, Alan Turing, was one of the first after giving a lecture in 1947. His theory suggested that a machine “could simulate any conceivable act of mathematical deduction (“Artificial Intelligence,” 2010).
Much like Oceania, Utopia stives off the unity of it’s people. To them, a commonwealth is key to a functioning society. Whereas one might argue that Utopia is filled with satisfied and content people, we as readers can’t actually know that. All information that the reader receives is from Hythloday, an outsider who grew up in a vastly different culture. With this in mind, if you re-evaluate Utopia from a different perspective, certain elements start to resemble Dystopian
When most people think of artificial intelligence they might think of a scene from I, Robot or from 2001: A Space Odyssey. They might think of robots that highly resemble humans start a revolution against humanity and suddenly, because of man’s creation, man is no longer the pinnacle of earth’s hierarchy of creatures. For this reason, it might scare people when I say that we already utilize artificial intelligence in every day society. While it might not be robots fighting to win their freedom to live, or a defense system that decides humanity is the greatest threat to the world, artificial intelligence already plays a big role in how business is conducted today.
Intelligence by definition is “the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills” (Oxford Dictionary, 2014). However, many psychologists argue that there is no standard definition of ‘intelligence’, and there have been many different theories over time as psychologists try to find better ways to define this concept (Boundless 2013). While some believe in a single, general intelligence, others believe that intelligence involves multiple abilities and skills. Another largely debated concept is whether intelligence is genetically determined and fixed, or whether is it open to change, through learning and environmental influence. This is commonly known as the nature vs. nurture debate.
In order to create a Utopia, you need something to go wrong in the real world, in order to have such a passion to make such an isolated community. A Utopia has to include the perfect people to make the perfect society. These people will not have feeling, choices, or emotional attachment to anything in their
Beginning in 492 B.C., a series of wars erupted, appropriately entitled the Persian Wars, which lasted around thirteen years. Because of the constant battles between the Persians, led by Xerxes, and Greece, both civilization started growing weaker and weaker. When the wars ended, the Greeks were successful at defeating the Persians. However, being in a weakened state caused the Greek city- states (mainly Athens against Sparta) to fight amongst themselves in order to have more influence over the rest of the city-states. This type of war was termed the Peloponnesian War and continued from 431B.C. to 404 B.C. (History of Greece:The Golden Age of Greece) and
Artificial intelligence is intelligent behavior by machines, rather than the natural intelligence of humans and other animals. The sub-levels of artificial intelligence that researchers have found are; Reasoning (problem solving), cognitive simulation, deep recurrent neutral networks, control theory, finance, and automotive. Robots are going to be able to have the problem solving skills greater than any human being. Artificial intelligence today is known as weak AI, and is only able to perform things like facial recognition or Internet searches. (Max Tegmark) The long-term goal of researchers is to be able to outperform humans at specific tasks, from playing chess to any cognitive task given. There are going to be so many advancements in the future; everybody already using technology all the time on their own mobile devices. The world has come to where people cannot live without their phones or technology being with them at all times. Technology is necessary but thought of artificial intelligence is a different
Artificial intelligence is defined as developing computer programs to solve complex problems by applications of processes that are analogous to human reasoning processes. Roughly speaking, a computer is intelligent