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Doonia Jadallah The Ottoman Empire put into place the millet system to allow Jews and Christians to establish their own system of order that these religious minorities would have to abide by and be accountable for. The millets had considerable power with minimal interference from the Ottoman government. They elected their millets, upheld their own laws, appropriated their own taxes, used their own language, and set up school and churches. The Ottomans showed great respect and acceptance of these non-Muslim communities and all they asked for in return was their allegiance to the Ottoman rulers and willingness to defend the empire in the event of an attack. The millet system worked well both socially and economically and is still used to some extent in various post-Ottoman countries (region now known as the Middle East). However, nationalism (pride in one’s homeland) began to separate people more rather than religious affiliation. The Janissaries were essentially the heart of the Ottoman military, made up of Christian-born, non-Muslim boys taken from conquered regions. The Ottomans ...
Between 1301 to 1922, in the region north of present day Syria, was known as the Ottoman empire. It was rooted in the belief that Islam as an ideology should be in power. One territory held by the Ottoman empire was their homeland of Turkey. In 1907, the Sultan Abdul Hamid II, wanted for the most part to have people who were educated outside of the country limited in what they could do, and if not then they were expunged, as he thought that they were the cause of his land’s plight and decline. This resulted in him becoming very unpopular with his people, thus having many secret societies created practically under his nose. The most important being The Young Turks.
While taking the class of Early Modern European History there was two states that really stuck out and peaked my interest the most. They were the Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe. If you compare and contrast both the Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe during the 16th Century through the 18th Century, you will see that there are a number of similarities as well as differences when you look at the expansion of the states. You will also see many of these contrasts as well when you look in terms of each states military and commerce. Although the Ottoman Empire existed before the 16th century and continued to exist past the 18th century and in great decline until the early 20th century, when looking at the state as a whole the time period of 1500’s through the 1700’s is a period of growth and strength. It is perhaps even known as a golden era for the state, when taking in to comparison the Early Modern Europeans where the same time period marks a change in how society thought and how people were treated.
Unlike most “victimized” cultures of Western European domination, the Ottoman Empire was considerably successful and powerful for many years, particularly in the sixteenth and early seventeenth century under the rule of Sulayman the Magnificent (Haberman, 132). By 1520, the Ottoman Empire had secured much of the Arab Middle East, Belgrade and most of Hungary (Haberman, 132...
1. The three main factors that resulted in the Ottoman expansion of the 14th century were rooted in geopolitics, military technology a nd strategy, and political strategy. The Ottoman capital and center of economics (post-1453) was located at Istanbul, which was not only the geographical “gateway” to Europe, but also connected Asia and Europe, which made Istanbul an extremely important area for commerce and merchants travelling from one continent to the other. Even after the Ottoman takeover of the Byzantines, they were able to expand even more partly due to the capitol and funds gained through commerce in Istanbul. The Ottomans also created an army that was aided by new technologies such as firearms as well as horses, which helped them expand exponentially through the Middle East. The balance within their military, with the Calvary coupled with armed Janissaries, furthered their military might. Lastly, the political strategy of Osman and his heirs helped to further Ottoman goals including expansion.
The sons of Christian subjects were organized by the protogeros and eventually chosen to be soldiers by prominent qualities, as well as the requirement of the children to be above the age of seven. After being chosen, they were eventually divided into two different classes. Those who were sent to Anatolia were “trained to agricultural labor, and instructed in the Mussulman faith” or employed in public buildings, gardens, or boats. The others were placed in seraglios, where they learned to read and write. Those in the first group, who had been subject to hard labor, became Janissaries. The others, who were taught in seraglios, became officials of the state. The advantage of having these positions filled by captives is that it ties the sultan to the cities that have been captured. Since the Janissaries are indoctrinated into the Ottoman beliefs at an early age, it is likely that their original family bonds have been completely forgotten or abandoned in the first place. The person whom this account came from was likely either of elite status at the time, or had a personal experience in the Janissaries’ training, simply recording the events that occur during the training of these young soldiers. Once one understands the meticulous training these slave armies had experienced, one might understand why the army instilled fear in neighboring
The Ottoman Empire was an empire known for many developments. Founded in July of 1299, the empire lasted until 1923, over six hundred years (“Ottoman Empire”). Throughout these six hundred years of history, came the developments of: one of the first known examples of a watch, used to measure time in minutes, created by Meshur Sheyh Ded in 1702; the telegraph which was personally tested by Sultan Abdulmecid in 1847; and the production of pottery, silk and rugs, jewelry, arms and armor, and the well-known mosque made of the greatest contribution from the Ottoman Empire to the world of art (“Ottoman Empire”). One of the most distintive aspects of the empire was it’s state organization, religious traditions, and how the two affected each other from the development until the decline of the empire.
Captiulations- gave autonomy to foreigners living in a Muslim territory (a practice adopted by the Ottomans). European nationals were freed from having to bey Ottoman laws or pay taxes. This attracted European traders, and spared the ottomans from having to settle their disputes. System adopted from the Mamluks.
The Ottoman Empire were Muslims and included Hungary, Syria, Egypt, Bulgaria, and Albania, and they marched on land. The Ottoman Empire is said to have first appeared somewhere around the 1300’s, and can be related to the decline of the Byzantine Empire. They began conquering Christian lands and by the late 1600’s all Christians were afraid of the “terrible Turk”. It is no wonder that many other people were afraid of the Ottoman Empire since they seem to be really rather powerful and they conquered a lot of land. It was in the 1330’s when the Morroccan Abu Abdallah Ibn Battuta passed through Constantinople and became impressed with the Ottomans who seemed to be gaining power rather quickly, he noticed that they had close to 100 forts and
Hooker, Richard. "The Ottomans: The 17th and 18th Centuries." Washington State University - Pullman, Washington. 1996. Web. 06 Apr. 2011. .
The failure of defensive development in Egypt, the Ottoman Empire, and Persia had a large and long-lasting effect on the Muslim world. The original goal of the reforms was to end European intervention, revive the weakening empires, and to be on equal standing with Europe. Yet, all three empires over-utilized the wealth and knowledge of Europe, leading to their ultimate demise. The empires wished to impose reforms in the military, economics, education, and law which the region had not experienced previously. This resulted in backlash, violence, and division within the empires eventually leading to bankruptcy, ironically, to those which they wished to separate themselves.
Analysis For hundreds of years before European intervention, the Ottoman Empire had controlled or annexed most of the Arabic people. However few states did exist, mostly on the Saudi Arabian peninsula, they possessed minimal forms of government and rule, existing in small tribal states. Despite the immense territorial possessions of the Ottoman Empire, it began to decline with a series of military defeats beginning in the 16th century. Most of their fleet was wiped with a loss of 210 ships and 30,000 men killed1, and the event is often cited by historians as the ‘end of Turkish supremacy in the Mediterranean’2, and the turning point of Ottoman conquest and rule. It wasn’t until the end of the 19th century that the Ottoman Empire became the ‘sick man’ of Europe.
In the Ottoman Empire and the Shraia law, non-Muslim people have different regulations. As a Muslim Empire, Ottoman Empire has been the last Islamıc Empire. This is why, the national system in the Ottoman Empire was based on Islamic Laws. These laws included the regulations about the Muslims, Christians, Jews, and the Idolaters. Idolaters had been forced to convert their religion to Islam or they would be executed. Next, for the Christians and Jews the regulation was different. Because of the fact that these are also “abrahamic religions”, they could choose to be executed, to convert their religion to Islam or the subjection. At this point, the subjection meant to accept the superiority of the Muslim people and the Islam, and also accept paying the taxes that non-Muslim peo...
Up until the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire had a pre-modern style of ruling, and its government was characterized by its diversity, flexibility and minimalism. Therefore, most people living under the empire enjoyed a sense autonomy. But by the end of the 19th century, though, their fortunes began to change. This was due to internal factors such as weakening central government and rise of autonomous warlords attempting to overthrow the government. Also, Europe began to go through a process of economic, military and political expansion, becoming a competitor with the Ottomans. This caused them to try to save their government by implementing different reforms.
From the 18th century through the beginning of the 19th century, European influence was a significant force in various aspects of the Ottoman Empire, Egypt, and Iran. Although the reforms, coined primarily by Gelvin as “defensive developmentalism,” were initially intended to centralize governmental control and strengthen the military, the actual effects were much broader. Based on varying pre-existing conditions and unique approaches to governorship, this process of modernization affected each region differently. This essay will explore the manners in which European influence shaped each territory, the primary areas of civilization, politics and culture that experienced reform, and the degree to which that influence was significant, or in the case of Iran, insignificant.
In 1250 the Mamluk rebellion overthrew the Ayyubid house for control of Egypt and named Aybeg, one of the Mamluk regimental leaders, as Sultan. The Mamluks, being a military slave society, were able to defend Syria against the Mongols in 1260 and also subsume the remaining Syria principalities and expel the Crusaders by 1291.1 The unity between Egypy and Syria that the Mamluks were able to achieve was reason that the Mamluk state was the largest Islamic states between the time of the Abbasids and the Ottoman empire.2 Moreover, t...