Making Utilities for MS-DOS
These days, when computers play an important role in virtually all aspects of
our life, the issue of concern to many programmers is Microsoft's hiding of
technical documentation. Microsoft is by far the most important system software
developer. There can be no argument about that. Microsoft's MS-DOS operating
system has become a de facto standard (IBM's PC-DOS is actually a licensed
version of MS-DOS). And this should be so, because these systems are very well
written. The people who designed them are perhaps the best software engineers in
the world.
But making a computer platform that is a de facto standard should imply a good
deal of responsibility before the developers who make applications for that
platform. In particular, proper documentation is essential for such a platform.
Not providing enough documentation for a system that everyone uses can have
disastrous results. Think of it, an operating system is useless by itself, its
sole purpose is to provide services to applications. And who would be able to
develop applications for an operating system if the documentation for that
system is confidential and available only to the company that developed it?
Obviously, only the company that has developed that operating system will be
able to develop software for it. And this is a violation of the Antitrust Law.
And now I start having a suspicion that this is happening with Microsoft's
operating systems. It should be no secret to anyone that MS-DOS contains a lot
of undocumented system calls, data structures and other features. Numerous books
have been written on this subject (see bibliography). Many of them are vital to
system programming. There is no way to write a piece of system software, such as
a multitasker, a local area network, or another operating system extension,
without knowing this undocumented functionality in MS-DOS. And, sure enough,
Microsoft is using this functionality extensively when developing operating
system extensions. For example, Microsoft Windows, Microsoft Network, and
Microsoft CD-ROM Extensions (MSCDEX) rely heavily on the undocumented internals
of MS-DOS.
The reader can ask, "Why do they leave functionality undocumented?" To answer
that question, we should look at what this "functionality" actually is. In MS-
DOS, the undocumented "functionality" is actually the internal structures that
MS-DOS uses to implement its documented INT 21h API. Any operating system must
have some internal structures in which it keeps information about disk drives,
open files, network connections, alien file systems, running tasks, etc. And MS-
DOS (later I'll call it simply DOS) has internal structures too. These
structures form the core of undocumented "functionality" in MS-DOS. This
operating system also has some undocumented INT 21h API functions, but they
United States versus Microsoft Corporation case was a set of combined civil engagements filed against Microsoft relating to the Sherman Antitrust Act by the Department of Justice. In the case, the Department of Justice purported that Microsoft abused monopoly supremacy on PCs in its control of OS sales and web browser software sales (Lohr& Brinkley, 2001). The conflict evolved around the integration of the internet explorer browser software in Microsoft’s Windows OS; a move that was argued to restrict web browser competitors like Opera and Netscape from accessing the browser market. Microsoft argued that it did not have a case to answer and stated the misfortune was the result of the fierce competition and innovation strategies in its industry (Glader, 2006). The following paper aims at analyzing the merits generated from the final settlement of the case and outlines the parties that benefited and those whose interests were harmed.
The article is endeavors to observe the possible correlation between general forgiveness (actually forgiving) and perceptions of forgiveness (a belief in the concept). This is a summary analyzing the credibility of the article. The summary includes a brief overview and critique of the title, abstract, literature review, methodology, a review of results and discussion, and possible improvements to the study. The title and abstract were brief and concise. Methodology used to acquire data was credible, but needs improvement. Discussion and results were presented in an applicable manner. An overall consensus of the article is that it presents a first step in the study of forgiveness, but, the nature of forgiveness needs further clarification, if to be use as a useful technique in psychotherapy.
Firstly, with the operating system market there are no actual barriers to entry. Any one firm can enter into the market and introduce their operating system. A number of powerful firms have indeed done so.
Meditation allows for you to relax, slow down, and become more aware of yourself and your environment. By meditating in a quiet place with no distraction, you are able to greatly limit the information that is constantly entering into our brains. This information gives us a train of thought that is very difficult to be halted, because it is in the nature of our brains to analyze any information that we have coming in from our senses like what things we are seeing with our eyes and what we are hearing with our ears. By limiting the amount of information that is entering into the brain, we are able to separate ourselves from the mind that is analyzing all of that information and to become aware of it.
Bronte says, ‘His dress and speech were both rude, entirely devoid of the superiority observable in Mr. and Mrs. Heathcliff; his thick brown curls were rough and uncultivated’. The use of the word ‘uncultivated’ when describing his curls is a metaphor for what Hareton’s nature is. It shows that he lives wild, with no rule. A typical anti-hero does not abide to the typical values and rules that society has put in place. A hero’s typical outer appearance is clean and you can generally tell when looking at a hero that he is superior. Hareton lacks the elegance and charm a hero would typically have; his roughness shows that he lives freely, not abiding to societies norms, which makes him an anti-hero. His outer appearance gives no indication of him being a
Within her poems, Angelou will use metaphors and similes to hide the different meanings she is trying to express. In the poem Caged Bird, Angelou sets up a metaphor, and relates the pain and sorrow a caged bird feels when it cannot fly free to the despair her race feels, due to it’s lack of freedom within the American society. “The free bird leaps,” relates the white people to a free bird that, “dares to claim the sky.” Meaning that they don’t have to fear consequence for their actions because they are granted their rights by the law; whereas the bird trapped in a cage has, “his wings...clipped his feet...tied,” which doesn’t allow him to go anywhere or do anything, restraining him, and keeping him from seeing the beauty of the world as the white people did to African Americans. In the poem Still I Rise, Angelou uses similes to add the exact same effect. Throughout the poem, Angelou relates negative vocabulary to herself, emphasizing the hate she has received. She discusses how the people will write about her race with, “bitter, twisted lies,” distorting their culture, refusing to
We see it effects us in our communities as well: when warring gangs call for a cease-fire after years of senseless killings; when a spouse accepts into his or her home, a marriage partner who has repented from unfaithfulness; when a former addict becomes sober, makes amends, and is fully restored to family and community. Each time we witness an act of forgiveness, we marvel at its power to heal, to break a seemingly unending cycle of pain. Forgiveness is something virtually all Americans aspire to. Following September 11, 2001, Palestinian and Israeli officials issued orders to pull back from aggression and violence. The world is witnessing astonishing acts of forgiveness and of seeking forgiveness. Forgiveness is the key that can unshackle us from a past that will not rest in the grave of things over and done with. As long as our minds are captive to the memory of having been wrong, then we are not free to wish for reconciliation with the one who wronged us.
Hope, Donald. "The healing paradox of forgiveness." Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 24.2 (1987): 240.
Volunteering enables an individual to make a positive impact on his or her community, while empowering the individual to better his or her life. This summer, I had the opportunity to volunteer at many diverse locations. From the hospital to the local library, I truly value my experience and treasure everything it has thought me. Volunteering lets us experience and learn things that we otherwise would not have learned; volunteering opens doors for us that we may not have been able to open before. Volunteering provides us with guidance and tolerance which we may use in the future to aid us in our decisions. At first glance, volunteering may seem to only benefit those who are helped, but on a deeper level, one can realize that volunteering benefits the volunteer as much as, if not more than, those who are helped. Not only does volunteering make a difference in one’s community, but it also helps the volunteer become a smarter, happier, friendlier and more caring individual.
Burgess, Olivia. "Forgiveness Is a Choice: A Step-by-Step Process for Resolving Anger and Restoring Hope, And: Total Forgiveness, And: Radical Forgiveness." Project MUSE. Johns Hopkins UP, 2010. Web. 19 Apr. 2014. .
Volunteering benefits a person by building connections with peers, improving family life, expanding career skills, overcoming self doubt, having lasting life impressions, and creating new opportunities. Just a small act can make a huge difference in someone’s life. The future is dependent on the individual person and the people they surround themselves with. Just a few hours will change both the volunteer’s life and the one that is in need.
The socialization that we receive in childhood has a lasting effect on our ability to interact with others in society.Socialization is a lifelong process during which we learn about social expectations and how to interact with other people.Nearly all of the behavior such as respect, paying attention to details, obedient, being caring, etc that we consider being 'human nature' is actually learned as
Forgiveness has set me free. My moments of the perpetual journey of repeated practice and willingness to forgive has
The field of Computer Science is based primarily on computer programing. Programming is the writing of computer programs using letters and numbers to make "code". The average computer programer will write at least a million lines of code in his or her lifetime. But even more important than writting code, a good programer must be able to solve problems and think logicaly.
The significance of the role of the Operation System (OS) in the overall Information Technology employment sector cannot be undervalued. Indeed, it is hard to talk about technical skill-sets or the practical application of such skill-sets without at least some underlying understanding of their context within a computer operating system environment. From hardware specifications and requirements, user technical support, system administration and security, to software development and system implementation, operating systems are an integral part of the information technology and computing world in all its aspects, and it is difficult to form a concrete demarcation between specialized careers in this industry and the concept of the computer operating system.