Introduction
Mental disorders during pregnancy pose a risk on both the mother and unborn child. Due to the ethical dilemma of pharmaceutical clinical trial studies during pregnancy there is a lack of literature on this topic. It is a complex task to create a treatment plan where the benefits outweigh the risks, for both the mother and unborn child. There is a growing body of studies on complementary and alternative treatments (or non-pharmacological) for the treatment of mental disorders during pregnancy. This systematic review and multiple treatment meta-analysis was selected to explore non-pharmacological interventions to treat mental disorders during pregnancy.
Design Approach
The research paper is a systematic review of antepartum mental disorder (AMD) and nonpharmacological interventions. The databases that were searched by two independent reviewers were MedLine, PsycINFO and Embase. The search was for clinical trials for treatment of women with AMD; including major depressive (MDD), anxiety, psychotic, eating, somatoform and
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Medium sized reduction of depressive symptoms were found for body-oriented interventions and acupuncture. Research on a wider range of AMD treatments is needed. Only two qualified studies were found on acupuncture, more studies on acupuncture for AMD are needed to expand the evidence and literature. Due to positive results with cognitive behavioral therapy and acupuncture it would be interesting to have a clinical trial using the two therapies combined. In the field of mental disorders during pregnancy most of the attention is on depression. It is imperative to research the other mental disorders during pregnancy. This review of research is an extensive overview of many different beneficial therapies for AMD and many topic points to further
Today postpartum psychosis is known to be a serious psychiatric crisis that affects one to two women per thousand in the first few weeks following childbirth. Women tend to experience visual, aural, and olfactory delusions and hallucinations that enables a risk of self-harm,
A 38-year-old single woman, Gracie, was referred for treatment of depressed mood. She spoke of being stressed out due to conflicts at work, and took a bunch of unknown pills. She reported feeling a little depressed prior to this event following having ovarian surgery and other glandular medical problems. She appeared mildly anxious and agitated. She is frequently tearful, but says she does not have any significant sleep or appetite disturbance. She does, however, endorse occasional suicidal ideation, but no perceptual disturbances and her thoughts are logical and goal-directed.
Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 30 (1): 27-38. Jacobson, S.J., Jones, K., Ceolin, L., Kaur, P., Sahn, D., Donnerfeld, A.E., Rieder, M., Santelli, R., Smythe, J., Patuszuk, A., Einarson, T., and Koren, G., (1992). Prospective multicenter study of pregnancy outcomes after lithium exposure during the first trimester. Laricet.
In conclusion, postpartum depression is now widely recognized as distinct from short-term “baby blues” anxiety. Rather than hiding their symptoms from embarrassment and shame, women can now confidently seek treatment, especially important since postpartum depression have a negative effect on both mother and infant. For this reason, it is so important to identify risk factors, and provide prompt treatment to mothers suffering from postpartum depression. Treatment options that include therapy, and occasionally antidepressants or herbal supplements, are successful in treating this disorder. For mothers who want to approach treatment in a more natural way, breastfeeding combined with exercise has been proven to reduce the effects of postpartum depression.
Markham, J. A., & Koenig, J. I. (2011). Prenatal stress: Role in psychotic and depressive diseases. Psychopharmacology, 214(1), 89-106.
Prenatal brain development is not usually the first topic on a pregnant woman’s mind, if it crosses her mind at all! Many women do not know what adverse effects certain circumstances can have on a child’s development. The most obvious deterrent of brain development would be a physical injury to the child. If any portion of the child’s brain is damaged during pregnancy, the effects will almost certainly be long term. Most pregnant women successfully take the necessary steps to avoid physically damaging the child’s brain. Perhaps even scarier is the thought that continuous exposure to stress can also permanently damage the brain development of a child that has yet to be born. The US National Library of Medicine states that in humans and animals, prolonged exposure to stress that can be controlled by the mother may result in abnormal behavioral, cognitive, and psychosocial outcomes. It is important for mothers to remember that they are no longer taking care of only themselves. Though unborn, there is a lot of damage that can be ...
Along with being the most widespread mental health disorder, women are more likely to be affected by most anxiety disorders than men. Anxiety disorders are often characterized by feelings of worry, uncertainty, anxiety, or fear, which can be so intense, it can interfere with a person’s daily activities. Therefore, it is likely for a person struggling with an anxiety disorder will find themselves unemployed, financially dependent on others and even have poor quality social relationships as well. As an anxiety disorder may affect other functional impairments, it is also important to be aware of its development considering an anxiety response affects various populations and individuals differently.
Body dissatisfaction is so common among women that it is considered a normative female experience (Knobloch-Westerwick & Crane, 2012). Nearly half of American women experience poor body image (Peterson, Tantleff-Dunn, & Bedwell, 2006). Not only does body dissatisfaction prompt women to attempt to control their weight and shape through dieting (Groesz, Levine, & Murnen, 2002), but it is strongly correlated with eating disorder symptoms (Peterson et al., 2006). Furthermore, body dissatisfaction has been associated with psychological issues such as depression, sexual dysfunction, social anxiety and suicidal behavior (Myers, Ridolfi, Crowther, & Ciesla, 2012). With so many women affected by body dissatisfaction and the associated risks being so severe, it is important to discuss and examine possible interventional methods.
After giving birth, women will have hormonal oscillations (Rosequist). In the meanwhile, their bodies are getting back to their normal state, however if that “blues” does not go away, it can evolve in a deep depression. As she recalls, saying: “And yet I cannot be with him, it make me so nervous”(Gilman), it is obvious that Post-Partum depression is the cause of her poor attachment with the child; the mother can be hazardous to the baby; mood swing occur, and in extremes circumstances, about 1 in 1,000, it can bring psychotic indications (Hilts). If this condition if left untreated, it can cause serious psychological and physical damages. Treatment would include anti-depressants and therapy. This can also trigger other types of mental
Roca, Catherine. "Depression During and After Pregnancy." April 2005. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Online. http://www.4woman.gov/faq/postpartum.htm. (17 Nov. 2005)
Studies show that oestrogen plays an important role in regulation of body weight in females (Newhart, 2013). When teaching patients about menopause symptoms explain management through both pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies. . In Maureen's case she is experiencing signs of depression from having low self esteem about her appearances from comfort eating. To help Maureen she needs to be educated about ways to cope with her eating habits, including: staying active, exercise regularly and seek social support to prevent further mental health problems (Mokhtar, 2015). Newhart, 2013 states that over 50% of women surveyed described menopause as a very unpleasant period of their life. In order to give a client the most appropriate and best care possible, it is important to know at which developmental stage they are on. This is essential as it will influence how the nurse uses critical thinking to alter the nursing process and therefore will create methods and correct mode of delivery of care (Crisp & Taylor, 2009, p. 257). Maureen eats food as a way to deal with her feelings to make her feel better, even if its just for a short time. It is important that nurses explore triggers that cause emotional eating amongst their patients, such as Maureen. Interventions should be designed to promote healthy food choices during
My mother was diagnosed with postpartum depression (PPD), also referred to as postnatal depression. This is a type of clinical depression which can affect women after childbirth. The cause of PPD is not well understood but hormonal changes, genetics, and major life event have been hypothesized as potential causes. Maternal depression has been shown to influence mothers’ interaction with her child, therefore the doctor thought it was necessary for further treatment. Many women recover with treatment such as a support group, counseling, or
Emotional along with physical domain in prenatal stage is necessary for the growth of the baby (Watson & McDonald, 2007). Pregnancy is the time from contraception prior to after birth, is established to be a major part of a person’s life which will carry a great deal of challenges not just for ...
Simpson, C. (2007) ‘Mental Health part3: Assessment and Treatment of Depression’ British Journal of Healthcare assistants. pp 167-171.
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS), furthermore premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), is a recent socially constructed