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Principles of existentialism
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Through the despair brought upon parts of the world by the second world war arose the concept of existential philosophy. The existential philosopher Jean-Paul Satre argued that individuals must define the conditions of their own existence and choose to act ethically even in a world without God (Sayre, 2010). The concept of existentialism puts every man in control of his life, with the opportunity to control a portion of his existence more than any other individual. The act of self-reflection and interpretation translated into very retrospective art. M.C. Escher's "Hand With Reflective Sphere" expresses the very essence of what existentialism is, a reflection upon one's life while trying to decide what it means to exist.
"Existence Precedes Essence" became the existential slogan give by Jean-Paul Satre and it's purpose was to introduce the idea that there is no general definition of what it means to be human, but that to be human is determined through existence itself. The fundamental concept of existentialism is in
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Escher, born Mauritis Cornelis Escher in 1998, is known as one of the world's most famous graphic artists.Other than being a graphic artist, Escher illustrated books, designed tapestries, postage stamps and murals. In his lifetime, Escher made 448 lithographs, woodcuts and wood engravings and over 2,000 drawings and sketches (M.C. Escher foundation, 2013). Though Escher's work is not classified within the existential movement, he explored impossible spaces and perspective in his work through his vehement observation of the world around him and the manner in which he expressed his reality (M.C. Escher foundation, 2013). In the words of M.C. Escher himself, "to have peace with this peculiar life, to accept what we do not understand, to wait calmly for what awaits us, you have to be wiser than I am" (M.C. Escher foundation, 2013). It is for these reasons I found a correlation between "Hand With Reflecting Sphere" and the existential
Guignon, B. C. and Pereboom, D. (eds). (2001). Existentialism: Basic Writings. Indianapolis, IN: Hacket Publishing.
In order to understand the meaning of existence in relation to philosophy, we need to discuss its ordinary meaning and the various levels of existence. The Chambers Concise Dictionary (1992, 362) defines ‘exist’ as having an actual being; to live; to occur; to continue to live’ and it defines existence as ‘the state of existing or being’. In other words, the Dictionary does not make a distinction between existence and living. However, philosophically there is the view that existence is different from living. What then is the meaning of existence in philosophy? In order to answer this question we shall examine how philosophers have used the term in their various works. Our attention shall focus on Plato and Sartre.
The key belief of existentialists is that existence precedes essence. In order to understand that claim we must first understand what Jean- Paul Sartre means by the term “essence.” He gives an example of a person forging a paper-cutter. When an individual sets out to make any object, he/she has a purpose for it in mind and an idea of what the object will look like before beginning the actual production of it, so this object has an essence, or purpose, before it ever has an existence. The individual, as its creator, has given the paper-cutter its essence. Using the paper cutter example, Sartre argues that human beings cannot have an essence (or purpose) before their “production,” becaus...
Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980) is referred to as the most popular existentialist of the twentieth century and was born out of the third force movement in psychology. The third force movement of the twentieth century consisted of a diverse collection of psychologists and philosophers that did not all share universal principles, but were all reacting to the new orientation of psychology, which differed from behaviorism in that it did not reduce psychological processes to reactions to mechanical laws of physiological events but acknowledged the mediating and active role of the mind (Brennan, 2003). Despite the diversity of the third force movement, there were commonly shared views amongst its pioneers. One of these views was the focus on personal freedom and responsibility in terms of decision making and fulfilling ones potential (Brennan, 2003). The mind was considered to be active, and dynamic and a place where an individual could express their uniquely human abilities of cognition, willing, and judgments (Brennan, 2003). There was an emphasis on the self, and an acknowledgement of the strive of humans toward individually defined personality development. Existentialism holds that an individual is free to define his or her life course through his or her choices and decisions, but individuals are responsible for the consequences of their personal choices and decisions, and therefore freedom is a burdensome source of anguish (Brennan, 2003).
Existentialism, which spread rapidly over continental Europe after the First World War, is essentially the analysis of the condition of man, of the particular state of being free, and of man's having constantly to use his freedom in order top answer the ever- changing and unexpected challenges of the day. According to the Existentialists, the starting point of every philosophical investigation is concrete human existence. That means that human personality in itself should point the way to the absolute value of reality. A single definition of existentialism is impossible. Definitions, provided by dictionaries are only part of what existentialism is about. …central to each definition is the assertion that existentialism is a theory or statement about the nature of man's existence. (1) The term is so difficult to define because, unlike other terms, existentialism is not universal. In other words, there are no two existentialists, which share exactly the same values or beliefs. Although, here is one major theme: a stress on individual existence, subjectivity, individual freedom, and choice.
Angle: The message, or angle, perceived from Hand with Reflecting Sphere revolves around the idea of self-identity and truth. First, the piece illustrates an existential lens on life, exemplifying how the concept of truth can only be found from within, and the outside world is meaningless and chaotic. Moreover, this is displayed in the use of a reflecting sphere for the portrait, conveying that when searching for truth and definition, the journey will always end within oneself. Furthermore, the notion of a chaotic, vain, universe is conveyed through the use of the library surrounding M.C. Escher in the piece. Specifically, the library is full of knowledge, but the dominant image is the author himself, thus demonstrating how outside influence
Existentialism is a philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining his or her own development through acts of the will. To Sartre, saying that som...
Existentialism is a Humanism, written by French philosopher Jean- Paul Sartre, was written in 1946 based on a lecture that Sartre gave at Club Maintenant in Paris in 1945. Existentialism is defined as “a philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of will” (Merriam- Webster Dictionary). In Existentialism is a Humanism, Sartre portrays existentialism as an essentially optimistic philosophy. He uses key existentialist terms such as anguish, abandonment, and despair to defend his view as well as provide examples that help us to analyze his claim. After doing so, we can conclude that Sartre’s claim is wrong and existentialism
Ross, Kelly L. "Existentialism." The Proceedings of the Friesian School, Fourth Series. Kelly L. Ross, Ph.D., 2013. Web. 25 Nov. 2013.
They believe that man was indefinable at first; "he first appears, then defines himself." (1) There are no set plans as to how a man must live. He must make his own decisions and move towards his future with no help [from the outside world. The main idea of existential is what Sartre simply stated as…"I am responsible for myself and for everyone else. I am creating a certain image of my own choosing. In choosing myself is choose man." (1) He is saying that man creates his own image of the self and it is different for all men. The belief that existence precedes essence directly ties into the fact that the atheistic existentialist believes that there is no god. They believe that there is no human nature and that humans are inherently free.
Sartre, Jean-Paul. “Existentialism is Humanism.” Existentialism from Dostoevsky to Sartre. Ed. Walter Kaufman. Meridian Publishing
Existence Precedes Essence (Albert Camus) After researching Albert Camus, I found out that he was around in the beginning and mid 1900’s. He was a journalist, playwright and a director. But, most importantly he was a philosopher. Camus was known to separate himself from Existentialism and believed, “There is only one really serious philosophical question, and that is suicide”.
Journal Of The Society For Existential Analysis 21.1 (2010): 76-88. Academic Search Complete. Web. 11 Feb. 2014.
Sartre, Jean-Paul. “Existentialism is Humanism.” Existentialism from Dostoevsky to Sartre. Ed. Walter Kaufman. Meridian Publishing
This paper attempts to discuss the main features of existentialist views as well as dissect Sartre's Theory into two parts, analysing its merits and consequent demerit.