ABSTRACT:
Flame retardant fabrics are used in the world of protection and safety of persons and things which will ensure safety to human things, thereby ensuring general safety. Flame retardant fabrics can be obtained by application of finish by use of flame resistant fibres ,by use of heat resistance fibres .Demands on newly development flame retardant fabric are that it should be fire and heat protective ,should be antistatic, breathable, absorptive, non irritating ,durable should have good colour fastness, adequate strength, excellent peeling resistence and should be easy to wash. The current trend and the new generation of flame retardant fabrics aims to find solutions to specific risks with more precision and efficiency by combining different
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• Flame retardant chemicals are also classified as non-durable and durable-inorganic salts, mixture of borax and boric acid, ammonium sulfamate, ammonium bromide, ammonium salt of strong acids like diammonium phosphate are examples of non durable flame retardant chemicals. Hydroxymethyle,phophonium chloride,a combination of N-methylol dimethyle phosphonopropionamide with trymethylol melamine and phosphoric acid etc are the examples of durable flame retardants.
Bromine containing derivatives of phosphonitrile chloride is a possible durable flame retardants for cotton fabrics.
A combination of two existing flame retardants , THPC and the bromoform triallylphosphate polymer, produces a flame retardant finish for cotton which is superior to that of either finish alone
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RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN FLAME RETARDANT :
Recently , biomacromolecules such as proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid have shown unexpected flame retardant features when deposited on cellulosic or synthetic substrates , like cotton , polyester or cotton polyester blends . The use of some of these biomacromolecules as flame retardants , is a significant advantage , since they can be considered as water or by – products from the cheese and milk industry .
These biomacromolecules can be applied to fabrics using an exhaustion process or a layer by layer method, starting aqueous solution and hence exploiting a green technology. The mechanism through these biomacromolecules are able to confer flame retardancy to fabrics, is still under investigation.
Caseins and hydrophobins, which contain phosphate groups and disulphide units have been assessed as effective flame retardant systems for cellulosic substrates, since these components are capable of influencing the cellulose pyrolisis towards the formation of char.
Whey protines have shown their suitability to form protective proteins on cotton which exhibit great water vapour adsorption that may justify the achieved flame resistance of the treated
Biological waxes are esters of long-chain (C14 to C36) saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with long-chain (C16 to C30) alcohols. Their melting points (60 to 100 _C) are generally higher than those of triacylglycerols.In plankton, the free-floating microorganism sat the bottom of the food chain for marine animals, and waxes are the chief storage form of metabolic fuel. Waxes also serve a diversity of other functions related to their water-repellent properties and their firm consistency. Certain skin glands of vertebrates secrete waxes to protect hair and skin and keep it pliable, lubricated, and waterproof. Birds, particularly waterfowl, secrete waxes from their preen glands to keep their feathers water-repellent. The shiny leaves of holly, rhododendrons, poison ivy, and many tropical plants are coated with a thick layer of waxes, which prevents excessive evaporation of water and protects against parasites. Biological waxes find a variety of applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and other industries. Lanolin (from lamb’s wool), beeswax carnauba wax (from a Brazilian palm tree), and wax extracted from spermaceti oil (from whales ;)
Halon is basically a gas that’s liquefied and is used to extinguish fires interfering with the chain reaction of the fire triangle. This agent leaves no residue and it is very non conductive when it is discharged. There are at least two three different Fire extinguishers and suppression halon systems used and approved by the FAA. These agents are Halon 1211, Halon 1301 and the combination of the two.
A firefighter responding to an incident in his or her personal owned vehicle must use the same due regard towards the public that he or she would if responding in a municipality owned vehicle. The lack of due regard resulted in a fatal vehicle accident on July 16, 2010, when “Firefighter Timothy Johnson of the Portage Ohio Fire District” collided with a vehicle driven by Olivia Duty, which resulted in the death of her boyfriend, Ian Huffman (Varone, 2012, para. 2). Timothy Johnson was responding to a mutual aid structure fire when the accident occurred (Varone, 2012). The parents of Ian Huffman and Olivia Duty, the driver of the vehicle Firefighter Johnson collided with, “filed a wrongful-death and personal injury lawsuit” with the Ottawa County Common Pleas Court (Feehan, 2012, para. 2). Firefighter Johnson additionally faced the criminal charges of negligent vehicular homicide and attempted negligent vehicular homicide, in which he entered a guilty plea and served 9 months in jail (Feehan, 2012).
.... (2011). Triangle Shirtwaist fire brought safety changes. Business Insurance, 45(11), 1-18. Retrieved April 22, 2014, from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=59700942&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Exploring of Asbestos Asbestos (Greek a-, "not"; sbestos, "extinguishable") is a group of fibrous metamorphic minerals. The name is derived for its historical use in lamp wicks; the resistance of asbestos to fire has long been exploited for a variety of purposes. It was used in fabrics such as Egyptian burial cloths and Charlemagne's tablecloth, which, according to legend, he threw in a fire to clean. When asbestos is used for its resistance to fire or heat, the fibres are typically mixed with cement or woven into fabric or mats. It was used in brake shoes and gaskets for its heat resistance, on electric oven and hotplate wiring for its electrical insulation at elevated temperature, and in buildings for its flame-retardant and insulating properties, its tensile strength, flexibility, and resistance to chemicals.
Thesis: Politicians are proposing sweeping changes in bills, which have caused great controversy, in efforts to correct the problems that the Forest Service has
...ch is used to replace natural gas. He also stated that, among the equipment used to burn the biofuel, the suspension burner have the ability to exceed 99% efficiency and whole-tree burner can reduce the cost of harvesting and handling woody fuels by about 35% (Brown, 2003). Moreover, the usage of bio-energy in long term is to provide a degree of ecological balance and climate change, avoid acid rain, reduce soil erosion and minimize water pollution (Gevorkian, 2007). Therefore, biomass is environmental friendly like solar energy. Based on the research that has been carried out regarding the synthesis of gas from biomass, the gas gasifies in the internal combustion engine. The relative energy density of synthesis gas is higher than the fossil fuel under certain conditions. In addition, the relative flame speed of synthesis gas can reduce the time for spark ignition.
Many, many things that we wear, sleep on, sleep under, walk on, or utilize in wound-care, etc., contain some percentage of cotton. It is a fiber that is used everyday, by everyone, in one way or another. It has qualities that have made it a choice crop for centuries around the world. Today though, cotton is being largely displaced by synthetic fibers that have qualities that exceed the natural crop plant. These fibers can also be mass-produced and sold at relatively lower costs.
Pyrolysis is a rapid thermal decomposition process of organic biomass, in absence or little supply of oxygen, brought about by high temperatures into useful biofuel products such as pyrolysis oil, ethanol, biodiesel, methanol etc. During the process, large hydrocarbon molecule’s chemical composition structure breaks down into relatively smaller molecules into solid (char), liquid or gas phase (Figure 1). The process is very similar to many other biomass decomposition processes such as torrefaction, carbonization, devolatilization etc. however pyrolysis cannot be compared to gasification due to external activation required for gasification.
present at all times but it must retain some of them. All plant life on Earth benefits from the ability of water to make a hydrogen bond with another substance of similar electronegative charge. Cellulose, the substance that makes up cell walls and paper products, is a hydrophilic substance ("water-loving"). It interacts with water but, unlike other hydrophilic substances, it will not dissolve in it. Cellulose can form strong hydrogen bonds with water molecules. This explains why a paper towel will "wick" water upwards when it comes in contact with it.
With the expansion of technology available to the textile industry emerged a growing want among those who produced the textiles for new colors. When this problem arose, textile producers called upon the chemistry industry to help lessen the need for textile producers to rely upon natural methods of bleaching such as sun, rain, sour milk, and urine (Britannica). While these methods had been practiced for centuries, the industry saw a definite want for a new and more efficient method of bleaching. From this point forth, chemistry’s role in the Industrial Revolution not only led to innovations in bleaching, but also led to great changes in the practice of chemistry, as we know it. In the mid-1700’s, a chemist named John Roebuck solved the problems of the textile industry with his invention of a new method for mass producing a chemical by-product known as sulfuric acid in lead chambers (Encarta 97). This discovery paved the way for sulfuric acid’s use in bleaching, and eventually led to the production of chlorine bleach, a common household product today.
In the 1900 more advanced models and the models we know today were produced. The foam extinguisher was first produced by Aleksandr Loran. In the early 1900’s, extinguishing foam, sodium bicarbonate was mixed with aluminum sulfate “usually by inverting the unit” (Bartlett, A., 2017); once combined, carbon dioxide was produced and help to eject the newly formed fire extinguishing agent. Foam units were used to fight flammable liquids, more commonly used in commercial
Firefighting is a very dangerous career. The risk of injury or death is always there. On scene there are very dangerous chemicals being produced in the atmosphere such as carbon dioxide, hydrochloride, and phosgene. One of the biggest risks of no-scene death or injury is due to improper use of personal protective equipment (P.P.E.).
...on, by understanding the general textile manufacturing processes, we could relate the processes based on its importance and effects to the environment.
Smoking is the processed of putting the meats to the smoke of a charcoal or wood fire for cooking. The purpose of smoking meats are adding brown colour to it, enhance its flavour and prevent the growth of microorganisms. The chemicals that formed during smoking or cooking the meat using high temperature are heterocyclic amine (HCA) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) (Butler 2003). These two chemicals are mutagenic and can cause changes in DNA which lead to cancer. HCA is formed during the reaction between heat and amino acids and creatines (both found in meat). On the other hand, PAH is formed when the juices or fats from the meats dropped into the fire that use for grilled or smoking meats and causes flames. Theses flames that contain PHA will transferred to the surface of the meats by air (Butler 2003). The temperature, type of food, cooking duration and cooking method are the four factors that affects the formation of HCA. The most predominant factor is temperature. As smoking or grilling the meat at high temperature (100°C-300°C) favour the formation of HCA on the meat which cause cancer to human (Turesky 2007). Meats that are low in moisture and fat contents tend to have higher concentration of HCA after cooking. If the surface of the cooing appliance higher than 220°C, for instance grilling and smoking will favours the formation of HCA. In addition, the type of fuel used in heating, temperature of