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Studies on the cause and effect of hypertension
Hypertension research paper
Related Literature on Hypertension
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ASSESSMENT:
Hypertension is a general disease that is basically defined as continual elevated arterial blood pressure (BP).1 Blood pressure measurement for adults in the absence of acute end organ damage are classified as follows: Normal blood pressure is indicated if Systolic blood pressure (SBP) is less than 120mmHg and Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) is lower than 80mmHg and required to be rechecked in two years, Prehypertension is defined if SBP is between 120-139mmHg or DBP within 80-89mmHg and required to recheck in one year, stage 1 hypertension is defined as SBP between 140 -159mmHg or DBP of 90-99mmHg and need to be proven within 2 months and Stage 2 hypertension is SBP of 160mmHg or higher or a DBP of 100mgHg or higher and need to
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Certain factors contribute to the chances of having this disease. The risk factors include the following, Advance age, gender, the disease is generally common in men than women up until age 45 years.2,5 Within the ages of 45 and 65 years of age the number of women and men with hypertension is almost the same.5 Other contributing risk factors are disease states such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia, family history with cardiovascular disease or early death of cardiovascular disease, too much consumption of salt in diet, smoking, sleep apnea, obesity, high carbohydrate intake, high calories consumption, and fatty diet with low essential nutrients.5 Excess alcohol intake, physical inactivity and psychological factors such as stress are also risk factors for hypertension. Never the less certain prescription such as corticosteroids, anti-depressants (especially buspirone or venlafaxine) , Non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs, and non- prescription drug such as herbal products can also cause an elevated blood pressure. Our Patient JJ has some risk factors that may have contributed or predisposed him to this disease called hypertension. His father died of heart attack at the age of 50, mother alive with hypertension, diabetes and hypocholesteremia, brother died of heart failure at …show more content…
JJ faces the risks of complications of heart failure, stroke, coronary artery disease and death if not well monitored, managed or treated. There is no cure for hypertension but hypertension can be properly managed. According to JNC 8 classification of hypertension JJ ,can be classified as a stage one hypertension patient since his blood pressure is 159/90mmg .The primary goal of therapy for Hypertension is to lower the blood pressure back to normal to avoid progression of the disease to the next stage and decrease hypertension-related morbidity and mortality.1,6Based on the 8th National committee (JNC) , the guideline for the management of hypertension recommends a target goals of less than 140/90 mmHg for patient less than 60 years of
The effective collaboration between the members of the renal health care team resulted in successfully reducing John’s hypertension, hyperkalaemia and overloading in the short term.
Hypertension also known simply as high blood pressure is a common problem related to heart disease. When a person has high blood pressure, the heart has to work harder. It also speeds up the hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis). Although high blood pressure cannot be cured, it can be controlled with a healthy diet, exercise and if necessary medication
There are generally two categories of hypertension, primary hypertension and secondary hypertension. The causes of primary hypertension are usually unknown and it develops gradually over the years. As for secondary hypertension, the causes are mainly underlying other health problems and it develops in a sudden of time. (The Healthline Editorial Team 2013) First of all, hypertension can be related to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Renin is an enzyme secreted mainly via the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidney when the sodium retention and water retention are reduced in the blood. (Beevers, Lip, and O'Brien 2001) Renin will bind to a substrate which is angiotensinogen and form angiotensin I which is an inactive peptide. (Foëx and Sear 2004) After that, angiotensin I will be rapidly converted to an active peptide angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in lungs. As a result, vasoconstriction occurs due to presence of angiotensin II and this increases the blood pressure. Moreover, angiotensin II can stimulate the releasing of aldosterone by adrenal glands. Secretion of aldosterone raises the blood pressure by reabsorbing sodium salts and water to increase sodium and water retentions. (Beevers, Lip, and O'Brien 2001)
Treatment for the client presenting to the APN diagnosed with hypertension, the first efforts should be focused on education. The patient should be informed of what current JNC 8 guidelines for the diagnosis of hypertension are. This will help the patient identify that he or she in fact has a problem and his blood pressure is abnormal. Further education should also include anticipated progression of the disease and complications from prolonged hypertension to help the patient understand the effects hypertension have on the body and risk of development of end-organ damage. Since hypertension is a silent disease, often void of symptoms, the patient must understand fully the implications of the disease and necessity to control the blood pressure.
Renee’s hypertension could also be genetics as she is only 32 years old and age would not be a factor. On the other hand, for secondary hypertension, a cause can be found. Secondary hypertension is an abnormality in the arteries supplying blood to the kidneys. Secondary hypertensions can be caused by airway obstruction during sleep, diseases, and tumors of the adrenal glands, hormone abnormalities, thyroid disease, and high intake of salt or alcohol (Different Types of Hypertension, 2009, para.3). If Renee has secondary hypertension, these could be the causes. Isolated systolic hypertension occurs when the systolic pressure rises over 140. This kind of hypertension is mostly seen in the elderly, caused by the loss of elasticity in the arteries. This hypertension is more critical that diastolic pressure as it links to cardiovascular disease (Different Types of Hypertension, 2009, para.5). Malignant hypertension is very rare, however, is more common in younger adults, African-American men, and women who have pregnancy toxemia. This type of hypertension occurs when there is a sudden rise in blood pressure. Malignant
Keith, N., Wagener, H., & and Barker, N. (1939). Some Different Types of Essential Hypertension: Their Course and Prognosis. Am.J.M.Sc, 332-343.
This would include, a history and physical exam of the individual to recognize risk factors of hypertension like, family history, obesity, a diet high in sodium and fat, and one’s level of physical activity (Gladding et al., 2015). The physical assessment would require careful attention to identifying signs of hypertension and coronary artery disease. It would also require the advance practice nurse to order labs to assess electrolytes and renal function along with clinical testing like an electrocardiogram to assess for cardiac issues secondary to hypertension (Gladding et al., 2016). Next, diagnosing and prescribing medications suitable for the individual and encouraging frequent assessment of their condition will be necessary. Finally, with the identification of issues beyond the elevated blood pressure, the advanced practice nurse must initiate interdisciplinary care and make referrals for cardiology or nephrology upon identification of complications related to hypertension (Gladding et al.,
High blood pressure is a common problem across the globe. For instance, in England a lone, almost 30% of the population suffer from this condition. However, most people aren’t aware that they are suffering from this condition which is very sad. Remember, if this condition is left untreated, then the victim is at a risk of suffering from the following:
Remembering that prevention is the best cure, we are going to discuss what is high blood pressure, how to easily measure it, and how to effectively prevent it. (Thesis)
The pathophysiology of essential hypertension rests on the characteristic finding that there is an inappropriate increase in peripheral vascular resistance, as related to the cardiac output. Usually this occurs without without any cause being evident. This is possible due to the change in small arteries where the media/lumen ratio rises. Still it is not clear whether this is a cause or consequence of hypertension. The conduit of large arteries like the aorta becomes stiffer, also influences hypertension. Basically there have been no findings on the root cause of hypertension.
High blood pressure, or hypertension, is the amount of force of your blood against the walls of your arties. The normal pressure for the force of your blood vessels is less than 120mm HG over less than 80mm HG. It is considered high blood pressure, stage 1, at 130mm Hg over 80mm Hg and
Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) has deemed hypertension or high blood pressure a global public health issue (World Health Organization, 2013). Not only does hypertension affect over 1 billion people worldwide but in the Unites States alone, about 76.4 million Americans over the age of 20, equating to about 1 in 3 adults, have hypertension (AHA, 2012). This growing health condition occurs when an individual’s blood pressure when the heart beats (systolic) is higher than 140 millimeter of mercury (mm Hg) and their blood pressure when the heart relaxes (diastolic) is 90 mm Hg or higher (AHA, 2012). The higher the blood pressure means more force is used to pump blood from the heart to arteries, which causes several health problems (AHA, 2012). For instance, the increased force stretches out blood vessels which may lead to tears and ruptures (AHA, 2012). This can also form blood clots that can stop blood from reaching other parts of the body which can cause other organs, specifically the heart, to become overworked (AHA, 2012). Unfortunately, hypertension is also known as a “silent killer” as it does not cause any symptoms (World Health Organization, 2013). If left untreated, hypertension can lead to cardiovascular disease and other fatal health consequences, such as heart attacks, strokes, and kidney failure (World Health Organization, 2013). In fact, the WHO estimates that hypertension accounts for 9.4 million deaths each year (World Health Organization, 2013).
Blood pressure (BP) refers to the amount of force that is exerted upon arterial walls via the pumping of blood from the heart.1 Blood pressure can either be categorized as hypotension (low BP), normotension (Normal BP) or most important clinically as hypertension (High BP). Hypertension is a multi-factorial disease that is defined by having a systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 140mmHg and/or a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of greater than 90mmHG based on the average of two or more readings after an initial screening.2
Essential hypertension is a blood pressure that is above the normal reading of 120/80 with no identifiable cause. This form of hypertension is mainly seen in elderly patients due to the hardening of the vessels that occur with age. Non-modifiable risk factors increase the chances for essential hypertension such as family history, age and ethnic background. Secondary hypertension is an increase in the blood pressure, however this form of hypertension varies from essential because there is a clear identifiable cause. Clinical findings of secondary hypertension are ophthalmic damage, renal insufficiency, malignant hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy (Dunphy, Porter, Winland-Brown, & Thomas, 2011, p 427). In secondary hypertension, patients have various modifiable risk factors such as obesity, over use of NSAIDs, poor diet, lack of exercise, smoking, over use of steroids, diet pills and herbal supplements (licorice). White coat hypertension is caused by anxiety when in a medical environment. This form of hypertension can lead to over prescription of unnecessary
The other 10% of cases is called "secondary hypertension". Secondary hypertension is caused by kidney disease, severe narrowing of the aorta, tumors in the adrenal gland, or hardening of the arteries. There are many factors associated with high blood pressure, including smoking, age, race, a high-salt diet, excessive alcohol consumption, stress, use of birth control pills, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle.what age is at risk?If you are a man from 35 to 50, you are in a high-risk zone for hypertension, this is especially true if hypertension also runs in your family. It is less likely for women to have high-blood pressure, but the risk increases after menopause.SymptomsThere are usually no symptoms for hyp...