The history of Continuum Mechanics is traced from the early work of the Hellenic period up to the present century. This history is based upon early work in statics, deformable solids, dynamics, fluid mechanics and aerodynamics. The unifying theory of continuum mechanics came in the 1900s combined with the advances in thermodynamics and rheology. Truesdell was the major force to develop this unifying theory. This history has tried to summarize the major contributes to the development of continuum mechanics but so many contributed to the field that many have been over looked and only the individuals who made major contributions are listed. Many of the advances in new analytical methods that have their birth in the study of continuum mechanics Jialai Wang and Shixin Zeng (2008) [17] developed an analytical model to predict thermal stresses in solder bonded biomaterial assemblies and also analyzed a tensile peeling stress along the interface between the layer with a smaller coefficient of thermal expansion and the adhesive. Yujun Wen and Cemal Basaran (2004) [18] worked on orthotropic material interfacial stresses in multi-layered microelectronic packaging are responsible for delaminationrelated failures especially during manufacturing. Materials with different coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) and stiffness are bonded together to form laminated stacks in microelectronic packaging. Halil Aykul and Sami Kaya (2010) [19] analyzed a low-density polyethylene thermoplastic composite beam, reinforced with steel fibers, which is loaded by a single force at its free end. They considered a closed-form solution is performed by satisfying both governing differential equation for an anisotropic system and boundary conditions. Anna Rudawska (2010) [20] presented the results of the testing of adhesive joint strength of F.S. Jumbo, I.A. Ashcroft,A.D. Crocombe,M.M Abdel Wahab (2010) [21] were investigated on metal- epoxy bi-material joint on the effect of temperature. Xiaocong He (2011) [22] reviewed adhesively bonded joints in terms of static loading analysis, environmental behaviors, fatigue loading analysis and dynamic characteristics of the adhesively bonded joints and the increasing complex joint geometry and predicted its three-dimensional nature combine to increase the difficulty of obtaining an overall system of governing equations for predicting the mechanical properties of the adhesively bonded joints. Ali Ozturk and Mufit Gulgec (2011) [23] determined elastic–plastic deformation of a solid cylinder with fixed ends, made of functionally graded material (FGM) with uniform internal heat generation is investigated, based on Tresca’s yield criterion and its associated flow rule, considering four of the material properties to vary radially according to a parabolic form. R.S. Taufika and S. Sulaiman (2013) [24] presented the development of thermal expansion model for casted Aluminum silicon carbide. Here, the thermal
...roblems of integration. If the science world takes advantage of undiscovered female talent, science as a whole will benefit greatly. For example, the original group of ENIAC programmers consisted of 6 women. In 1946, these women helped to develop the first operating stored-program computer.6 If female talent such as this goes to waste because of social neglect, the science world will never know what possible discoveries that could have been made with the help of women. If Dr. Djerassi is accurate with his examples of discrimination, the science world should take note of these problems and attempt to solve them.
Continuum Mechanics is the branch of mechanics which deals with the study of deformation and motion of continuous bodies. Primarily, a continuous solid body can be categorized into two types: (i) Rigid body and (ii) Elastic body. When external forces are applied on the body and the relative positions of its particles do not change at all, the body is said to be perfectly rigid body, otherwise it is said to be elastic body. A body is called strained, if under the influence of some external forces, the relative positions of its particles get altered. The change in the relative position of particles is called deformation. In practice, all solid bodies undergo deformation up to some extent by the application of suitable forces upon them. There are certain bodies which regain their original configuration when the deforming forces are removed. For example, the wire regains its original length after
Clifford W.K. (1879) "Lectures and Essays, ed; L.Stephen and F Pollock, 2 vols, London, Macmillan, Vol 2, p70
Ludwig Prandtl was born in Freising, Bavaria on February 4, 1875. An only child, Prandtl often followed closely to his father due to his mother’s “protracted illness” (Anderson 46). His father was an engineering professor and was said to have continually motivated Ludwig to look beyond observations to discover the natural principles at work. Regardless of his motivation, Prandtl attended the Technische Hochschule in Munich, Germany, and he eventually graduated with a Ph.D. from the University of Munich under adviser August Foppl (Anderson 46). After a few years in industry and three years as a professor of mechanics at the technical school in Hanover, Prandtl accepted a position at the University of Göttingen in 1904. By 1898, both of his parents had died, and in 1909, he married Gertrude Foppl, the daughter of his academic adviser (Anderson 47).
Aristotle's book The Physics, was in existence by about 350 B.C. This book is mainly concerned with change a...
Dodd, Mead & Company. (1910). Relativity. In The New International Encyclopedia. (Vol. 10, pp. 173). Cambridge, USA: International Encyclopedia.
He released his theory in the book "The Mathematical Collection." For over 800 years the Ptolemaic model of the ...
Routledge, R. (1881). A popular history of science. (pp. 553-554).G. Routledge and Sons. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=VO1HAAAAIAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s
Chapter 14 obtain the principle of work and energy by combined the equation of motion in the tangential direction, ƩFt = mat with kinematics equation at ds = v dv. For application, the free body diagram of the particle should be drawn in order to identify the forces that do work. However, Chapter 18 use kinetic energy that the sum of both its rotational and translational kinetic energy and work done by all external forces and couple moments acting on the body as the body moves from its initial to its final position. For application of Chapter 18, a free-body diagram should be drawn in order to account for the work of all of the forces and couple moments that act on the body as it moves along the
The Scientific Revolution was sparked through Nicolaus Copernicusí unique use of mathematics. His methods developed from Greek astr...
O’Connor, J. J. and Robertson, E.F. “Sir Isaac Newton.” Mac Tutor History of Mathematics, Inc. Jan 2000. Web. Aug 31 2011.
Between 1850 and 1900, the mathematics and physics fields began advancing. The advancements involved extremely arduous calculations and formulas that took a great deal of time when done manually.
Engineer dates back to 1325 when an engine’er, someone who operates an engine, was referred to by a conductor as an engineer. (Ford)
The science of fluid mechanics is neither new nor biblical; however, most of the progress in this field was made in the 20th century. Therefore it is appropriate to open this text with a brief history of the discipline, with only a very few names mentioned.
Now that I had one semester of History of Science, I feel that something should change and that all objective classes are worthless without a little influence of humanity. It matters to me because scientists and professors should give more importance to History of Science when forming new scientists; first, because it would avoid falling in the same pitfalls of the past, and second, because more than science, when discussing History, we can reflect about our society, the origin of our problems, and take a good perspective of what is coming next. It is sad to know that women and some “minorities” still do not have the same chances of completing a graduation or reaching a doctorate, but it would be still sadder knowing that no one is talking about it. I am not saying that talking about it will solve anything, but it is, for sure, the first step towards changing. Words have power, it is true, but it was those with action who wrote