The disease I am going to discuss in this paper is Heterotopic Ossification (HO). According to Goodman, Fuller, and O’Shea (2012), Heterotopic Ossification is defined as bone formation in nonosseous tissues (forms the rigid part of the bones that make up the skeletal system), and is considered a benign condition of abnormal bone formation in soft tissue. (pg. 666)
According to numerous references and medical websites, I have found no known cause of HO. It is presumed by Chao, Suh, & Joyce (2007), that pluripotential mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts, which in turn causes heterotopic ossification. Research has yet to determine the source of these mesenchymal cells and the stimulus that causes them to differentiate. So
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There are a few hereditary forms, fibrodysplasia ossificans progressive, which is a disorder in which muscle tissue and connective tissue such as tendons and ligaments are gradually replaced by bone, forming bone outside the skeleton. Another hereditary form of HO is progressive osseous heteroplasia, which is a disorder in which bone forms within skin and muscle tissue. Also, there is Albright’s hereditary osteodystrophy, which is completely different from the average HO. It is a syndrome with symptoms such as, short stature, obesity, round face, subcutaneous ossifications and characteristic shortening and widening of the bones in the hands and feet.
The most common symptom of heterotopic ossification according to Cluett (2014), is stiffness of a joint. Most people who develop heterotopic ossification cannot feel the abnormal bone, but notice the bone growth getting in the way of normal movements, which will cause loss in range of motion in the particular joint affected. HO forms around the hip or elbow joints, making bending of these joints difficult. Other symptoms may include a mass that can be felt, deformity of the area, pain along with localized swelling, and increase in the patient’s
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It can be difficult to distinguish from cellulitis, osteomyelitis, or thrombophlebitis. Bone scanning and other imaging tests frequently are used to distinguish between these diagnostic possibilities. It is difficult to differentiate early Heterotopic Ossification from deep venous thrombosis, because the symptoms may be similar. CT’s and radiography are also used to help diagnose Heterotopic Ossification. In early stages of HO it is hard to detect with CT and radiography, because HO is not detected on radiographs until 4-6 weeks post-injury. Further testing generally reveals an increase in serum alkaline phosphatase, a positive three-phase bone scan, and the identification of bone formation on radiographs. According to Bossche and Vanderstraeten (2005), four weeks post injury alkaline phosphate levels may reach 3.5 times the normal value, with a peak concentration around the 12th week. If Heterotopic Ossification formation is small, alkaline phosphate levels may remain unchanged. Alkaline phosphate levels are tested in the follow-up of
Intramembranous ossification is the process in which the flat bones of the cranium ad clavicles are made. This type of ossification is broken up into several different steps. In each of these steps, there are various types of cells that do unique things to aid in ossification. All of these different cells stem from one cell known as a Mesenchymal cell. This cell is a type of stem cell that can differentiate into all of the different connective tissue cells. Differentiation is a characteristic of these cells that allows them to transform into various cells during the growth process; this is aided by methylation. Methylation aids differentiation because it shuts down specific genes in the cells DNA which changes the shape and function and
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva also known as FOP is a one of the rarest, most disabling genetic bone conditions known to medicine. FOP causes muscles, tendons, ligaments, and other connective tissues to turn in to bone. Movement becomes limited in the affected areas of the body. People with FOP typically have malformed toes at birth, meaning the big toe is typically shorter than normal and abnormally turned outward in a position called a valgus deviation. Symptoms of FOP start to show up in early childhood. Most people with FOP develop painful tumor-like swellings also known as fibrous nodules. The fibrous nodules are visible on the neck, shoulders, and back.
What causes Osgood-Schlatter Disease? “As the actual cause of Osgood-Schlatter Disease is unknown, Osgood-Schlatters Disease is thought to be caused by small injuries due to repeated overuse before the area has finished growing (Dhar). Some studies report that up to 50% of patients have a history of precipitating trauma (Dhar). Activities that involve a great deal of running, jumping, and bending such as soccer, basketball, volleyball, and ballet, are a few of the sports that increase a child’s chances of being diagnosed with Osgood-Schlatter Disease (Diseases and Conditions: Osgood-Schlatter Disease). What is actually happening, that causes this disease, is a child’s thigh muscles (quadriceps) pull on the tendon that connects the kneecap to the shin bone (Diseases and Conditions: Osgood-Schlatter Disease).
Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI), also called fragile bone ailment or Lobstein disorder, is an inherent bone issue portrayed by weak bones that are inclined to break effortlessly with practically zero cause. A arrangement of various sorts of OI is regularly used to depict how seriously a man with OI is affected.OI is brought on by hereditary deformities that influence the body's capacity to make solid bones. In predominant established OI, a man has too little sort I collagen or a low quality of sort I collagen because of a transformation in one of the sort I collagen qualities which makes the bones
But after the early stage, your bones may become weak. These signs include: back pain, shortness of breath, shrinkage in height and bad, irregular posture. Many people don’t start showing signs until they have broken a bone, such as a wrist bone or a hip bone. There are two different types of Osteoporosis. There is Juvenile Osteoporosis (which is very rare), it occurs in children that is due to medication or medical conditions. Premenopausal Osteoporosis which happens to older women before menopause. There are three different ways to check for Osteoporosis. The first one is a painless bone density scan called a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (Stang, 2016). The second one is a digital x-ray radiogrammetry (DXR), it is like the DXA but uses less technology. And the last one is ultrasounds. Ultrasound scans are also used to screen for osteoporosis but it is not able to get a good reading like the others, so this method isn’t used as often. If you break a bone the doctor will try these types of x-ray to see if it was caused by
Osteoporosis is a condition, which advances with age, resulting in fragile, weak bones due to a decrease in bone mass. Externally osteoporotic bone is shaped like normal bone, however it’s internal appearance differs. Internally the bone becomes porous due to a loss in essential minerals, including phosphate and calcium. The minerals are loss more quickly than they can be replaced and in turn cause the bones to become less dense and weak. The bones become prone to fracture, due to their weakness. Therefore the awareness of the disease tends to occur after a fracture has been sustained. The bones most commonly affected are the ribs, wrist, pelvis and the vertebrae.
Osteoporosis is a condition, in which bones are weak from deterioration, loss of bone mass, and quality bone strength. Osteoporosis usually triggers postmenopausal women (women who have not had their period for a whole year), or older men and women. Some risks both older men and women endure when experiencing osteoporosis are decreased calcium and bone fractures. These symptoms or effects can all be caused by weight loss, smoking, age, ethnicity, genetics, medications, bone structure, and certain diseases that can later on contribute to osteoporosis, such as rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoporosis may be prevented by going to drug therapy to stop alcoholism and smoking, a sufficient amount of calcium intake, and exercising such as jogging, walking, and aerobics.
Osteoporosis is a serious disease that leads to a faster than normal loss of the bone density, which puts the bone at a higher risk for fractures. In order to understand the causes of Osteoporosis, it is important to understand how bones are formed. Bone is a living tissue that is made mainly of collagen, calcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate. The mixture of collagen and calcium gives the bone strength and flexibility. The body deposits new bones and removes old ones; moreover, there are two types of bone cells that control the reproduction of bones. Cells called osteoclasts breakdown bone tissues thus, damaging the bone. Once the damaged bone is removed, cells called osteoblasts, use minerals including calcium and phosphate from the blood stream to make new healthy bone tissues. In order for osteoblasts and osteoclasts to work properly, hormones such us thyroid, estrogen, testosterone, and growth hormones are
Type IV of OI is much rarer, comprising only 5% of cases. The bones may appear normal at the time of the first...
The syndrome is caused because of Genetic mutation that replaces connective tissues (muscles) with bones when someone gets injured instead of getting cured. This results in a new skeletal structure. Unfortunately this syndrome does not have any cure and the patients are advised to always be careful and not to fall or have any kind of traumas. They can’t engage in any sports in order to prevent any injuries. Surgery for removal of extra bones is not an option because removal of bones will lead to ingrowth of more bones. From previous cases it is seen that most of the patients suffering from this condition do not live more than 40 years and they die of respiratory
Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is a systemic, debilitating disease of the skeleton, characterized by significantly decreased bone mass in combination with the deterioration of bone microarchitecture. Osteoporosis has three types of categories, the first category is type 1 which occurs in women after menopause and results from declining levels of estrogen and other sex hormones in the body, this could also occur in men due to low levels of the sex hormone testosterone. Type 2 is called Senile Osteoporosis, which occurs in elderly men as well as elderly women because of decreased bone formation due to aging. Type 3 is caused by long-term use of medication, usually with steroids and drugs, to treat elipsy. Osteoporosis, which literally means “Porous Bone”, is a disease in which the density and quality of bone are reduced (Kackowski, 2013).
Fractures are life-threatening to aged people having the metabolic bone disease OSTEOPOROSIS, in which bones become porous and brittle. A person, mostly women, having osteoporosis may break a hip during a fall and possibly die from complications. Birth Defects Congenital bone diseases constitute a wide spectrum, ranging from the unimportant--for instance, mild bow legs--to severe lesions, such as spina bifida, in which the lower end of the spine fails to develop properly and the baby is born with paralysis and misshapen vertebrae. Congenital diseases may have hormonal bases: for example, fibrous DYSPLASIA, in which fibrous tissue replaces that of some bones, often results in bone deformity; in addition, some girls with this disease physically mature so early that they are capable of pregnancy and childbirth at the age of seven.
In the article Rare Causes of Osteoporosis by Gemma Marcucci and Maria Luisa Brandi state “Several pathogenic mechanisms are involved, including various aspects of bone metabolism such as: decreased bone formation, increased bone resorption, altered calcium, phosphorus and/or vitamin D homeostasis, and abnormal collagen synthesis” (Marcucci & Brandi, pp. 151). Osteoporosis is the break done in bone, causing the honeycomb like inside of bone; to create bigger holes are they lessen in mass. Calcium defiency is in relation to osteoporosis since calcium is an important factor in keeping bones strong. Though a doctor can clearly identify Osteoporosis, the symptoms are vague, almost invisible. Many people do not realize that they have osteoporosis until they suffer from a strain or fall that causes their ill-prepared bones to break (Simmons, pp. 35).
Hemothorax. Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2047916-overview#aw2aab6b2b4 Norvell, J. G. (2013, June 11). Tibia and Fibula Fracture Clinical Presentation. Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/826304-clinical Queensland Government.
Osteoporosis is a disease in which the bones become so weak and brittle that even a cough can cause enough stress on the bone that it will cause the bone to facture. The most commonly broken bones are the hip, wrist, and the spine. Although it affects men and women of all races, post-menopausal Caucasian and Asian women are more commonly affected than those of other ethnicities and sexes. In fact, thirty percent of all post-menopausal women in the US and Europe will be diagnosed with Osteoporosis and at least 40 percent of those will suffer from a fracture in their lifetime.