CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
Literature review is evaluates, clarify and summarise on the area that could be study in. In this chapter also will be discuss on critical reviews of literature and theories related to the topic of the study of halal cosmetics products consumption among Muslim Generation Y. It means in this chapter is act as a base for the experimental of analytical section of the study and guide the development of research framework of study of Halal cosmetics products by using Theory of Planned Behavior.
2.1 Halal
According to the Trade Description Order which in Usage of the Term “Halal”, 1975 is defines the Halal terms as follows:
“When the term is used in relation to food in any form whatsoever, in the process
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The demand will be increase in the world if there are aware about the Halal cosmetics products as well. Cosmetic is an essential element to our daily life especially to women who very cares about their beauty. Besides that, there are no problems among non-Muslim to purchase Halal cosmetics products because the Halal cosmetics products are safety, secure, hygiene and do not harmful to the …show more content…
There will be less likely for the manufacturers to be certified on the cosmetics products with the Halal certification standard if consumer is without any intention to purchase it. In this study, the theory can be apply to measure intention’s consumers can be based on the TPB by Ajzen, I. (1991).
According to Ajzen, I., I. (1991), TPB is a theory to predict deliberate behaviour, because behaviour can be deliberative and planned. TPB is from formulated from the Theory Reasoned Action by Ajzen, I. and Fishbien which published since 1980. The theory of TPB is elaborate more than previous theory which is describes more on all the behaviours in a person is able to strive in self-control. To measure the intentions level in self which is able to influence people’s behaviours, there are three components in TPB that used; attitude, subjective norms and perceived behaviour control.
2.3.1
Jane goes to work everyday at an animal-testing lab. She pours liquids used in eyeliner into the eyes of numerous albino rabbits. The rabbits' eyes are held open with clips so that for the 72 hour test period, the rabbits can't even blink. The rabbits' bodies are in a box so that only their head protrudes. Jane watches the rabbits and records how the rabbits’ eyes react. She observes as the rabbits’ eyes bleed intensely. Some eyes become extremely deteriorated, and some rabbits even become blind due to the toxicity of the liquid being tested. As she walks down the line writing down what each rabbit's reaction is, Jane notices many rabbits have broken their own necks trying to escape the horrendous pain ("Product...").
Overview NARS Cosmetic is a cosmetic company founded by Francois Nars in New York, US in 1994 (Hollywoodnoirmakeup.com, 2012). It is considered as one of the best-selling cosmetics and skincare products company in U.S.A, Canada, Korea, Japan, and Taiwan (Shiseido Co., 2014). Since the demand for cosmetics is growing every year and people are looking for more quality products, the company decided to open a new branch in the Middle East to have more customers and to satisfy them by making the NARS product more easily accessible. The aim of this paper is to indicate the best country among the GCC to open a new NARS Cosmetic branch by studying every country’s feasibility of a new cosmetic branch. We hope this expansion can please our customers and make better reputation in GCC countries,besides increase our profit.
We all know that cosmetics existed thousands of years ago. Cleopatra used a heavy arsenal of beauty aids to help her shake the foundations of the Roman Empire. Yes, cosmetics and perfumes have a long history, but the consumer industry we live in is relatively recent, a creation of the decades 1890 through 1920. The products hawked in the 19th Century by druggists, perfumers, barbers, physicians, and a colorful assortment of other enterprising individuals were primitive by our standards. Certainly, active ingredients were used with abandon, notably arsenic, lead, and mercury. These were products that really made visible differences, and the consumer was well-advised to be wary of the majority of these mysterious concoctions.
Most people will use beauty products every day in order to be more attractive, whereas the cost is very high. Hence, customers want to obtain a low price in the stage of transaction.
It started as the Theory of Reasoned Action in 1980 to predict an individual’s intention to engage in a behavior at a specific time and place. The theory proposes a model which can measure how human actions are guided. It predicts the occurrence of a particular behavior, provided that the behavior is intentional. The theory was intended to explain all behaviors over which people have the ability to exert self-control. The key component to this model is behavioral intent. It proposes that behavioral intentions are influenced by the attitude about the likelihood that the behavior will have the expected outcome and the subjective evaluation of the risks and benefits of that outcome. TBP is a theory that links beliefs and behavior. The concept was proposed by Ajzen to improve the predictive power of the Theory of Reasoned Action by including perceived behavioral
The US and Western European markets are reaching saturation- therefore cosmetic companies see the future markets for their products in Central and Eastern Europe, Chi...
So if manufacturer did not produce as want consumer wished for, the product that manufacturer produce will be unsold and unprofitable to the company itself because consumer nowadays are demand for halal product regardless Muslim or non-Muslim. According to (Tooba Ashraf, 2015), halal cosmetics and personal care for Muslim consumer are increase. Furthermore, manufacturer should concern about producing halal product because it is a trend of using halal product as we can see most of the product that advertise will talk about the halal-ness of the product
Oftentimes when we walk by an aisle looking for a bottle of dish soap or a box of cookies, we are given two options – a generic option that costs $4.49 and a brand name option that costs $6.39. The only difference between the two may just be its physical attributes. However, as consumers, we are often unaware of the possible similarities and often opt for the known brand name product. These decisions often reflect consumers’ perceptions of a product’s quality and in turn, affect their purchase behavior. With the rising question of whether consumers’ perceptions of product quality differ from measures of objective quality, companies are growing increasingly interested in developing and changing their marketing strategies. With the available options today, consumers may perceive two products with similar, if not the same claims, differently, and thus will affect their purchase behavior.
Cosmetic animal testing has been a controversial topic for decades but has recently gained more attention from the media due to oppositional organizations such as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA). Those in favor of animal experimentation make the argument that they are taking animals’ lives to save humans’, but is it really necessary to subject animals to torturous conditions or painful experiments in the name of science? Animal experimentation needs to be abolished because it is unethical and selfish to destroy an animal 's life.
It still comes as a surprise to me that with all the technology in today’s society, we are still relying on animals for cosmetic research. Some people think that it is acceptable and even justified to test on mere animals rather than risk hurting people. So, for these kinds of people, animal testing makes perfect sense. However, in my opinion, animals are living creatures and have the right to live out their lives as nature intended rather than simply surviving in cages while being poked and prodded with whatever scientists fancy. I think it is depressing and sort of grotesque that I am using products that have been tested on animals that are even commonly bred as our pets. So, I began my research to find out what companies still test on animals, why they do so, and what other alternatives they could use in place of animal testing.
Food is the famous topics that have always been discussed among people in the world. This is because food is the most important element for people to live and become a basic necessity for human. All the produced food has been prepared based on technology and advancement of modern science. Mostly, there are several ingredients that have been used to produce a food. These ingredients are either permissible or prohibited. Besides that, there are some mix elements that have been included such as chemical product and synthetic ingredient. Furthermore, all scholars have been discussing about this Halal and Haram issue.
It is time, at last, to speak the truth about toxic chemicals behind personal care and beauty products. The daily products of an average person consists of face wash, hand soap, shampoo, conditioner, floss, toothpaste, and deodorant. Surprisingly, all of these products listed contain toxic chemicals that are harmful to our body. If we use these products to maintain our hygiene, does that mean we are not clean without these products? For example, a common shampoo many people use is Head and Shoulders. However, do we know if the shampoo is cleaning our hair from beginning to end or is it damaging our hair? How often do you read the ingredients labeled on your personal care products and wonder if they are safe to use? More importantly, if you
spoilage. To keep the food from spoiling, usually in only a few days, it is
In discussion, it were suggested that the individual him/herself, should approach the dermatologist to do skin checkup, and get suggested the right skin care and beauty products; and the products should be avoided for any skin allergies. This is a better way where the consumers will have a better idea of what needed by their skin and they can consider this when buying beauty products and also to avoid overspend. The consumers also should check for the review of users of the beauty products they planned to buy and visit the government website to check the registered and certified beauty products; and also to report the uncertified one for the government to take action. It will make people aware of brands that do follow the rules set by government and have less side
The research on consumer behavior assists the organization recognize and forecast the purchase behavior of the consumers while they are purchasing a product. Thus, the study of consumer behavior helps the marketers not only to understand what consumer's purchase, but helps to understand why they purchase it (Kumar, 2004). There are a lot of elements which can influence the purchase decision of consumers such as social influences, cultural influences, psychological factors and personal factors (Super Professeur, 2011). Understanding these factors helps the company to market the product on right time to the right consumers in order to generate more profits. On the other hand, if the marketers fail to understand these components that might influence consumers, they will fail to convince the consumers to purchase that product or will fail to meet the demands of consumers. However, consumer behavior is one of the stimulating and challenging areas in marketing studies being a human activity focused on the products and services. Thus understanding the behavior of the consumers is a great challenge. Moreover, it is not easy to get a full picture of consumer behavior as customers make plenty of different buying decision every day and they usually do not know exactly what influences their purchase. In short, basing on all