Cosmology is a field of astronomy that focuses on the framework, and emergence of the universe. Over the years, many cosmologists have contributed to the subject, using many forms of technology, to make a multitude of discoveries. Improvements in technology are responsible for superlative discoveries, chiefly about the Big Bang, the origin of our universe. The works of various cosmologists, such as Galileo Galilei, Edwin Hubble, Robert Dicke, Arno Penzias, Robert Wilson, and Vera Rubin have changed the way humanity views the universe, through their use of technology, and through their brilliance. Galileo was an Italian astronomer, who lived from 1564 to 1642. In 1609, Galileo learned of the telescope, which is controversially …show more content…
After hearing of this great invention, Galileo was quick to develop himself a telescope; providing the means to make revolutionary discoveries about the universe, that accosted orthodox doctrine of the time. In 1609, Galileo first looked up to the heavens with his telescope. In doing so, he discovered Venus’ phases, and some of Jupiter’s moons, which are now named the Galilean moons. The discovery of Venus’ phases showed that Venus orbited the sun, and the discovery of the moons of Jupiter proved not everything orbited the Earth; these were two crucial components of the Copernican theory. The Copernican theory stated that the solar system was heliocentric, which defied Aristotle’s and the church’s doctrine of the geocentric theory. Later, Galileo discovered sunspots, further abnegating Aristotle’s long held doctrine, which stated the sun was perfect. The Catholic Church …show more content…
Dark matter was first proposed by a man named Fitz Zwicky, who was observing a galaxy cluster, and noticed it was much more massive than to be expected, considering the cluster’s luminosity. Zwicky proposed something that he could not see was there, causing this; he dubbed this dark matter. However, Zwicky was ridiculed for this idea. In the 1960s, Kent Ford designed what is now called a spectrograph, a device that disperses electromagnetic radiation, making the radiation visible to the user. This innovation allowed Ford and Vera Rubin to observe the orbital speeds of stars and gases in galaxies from different distances from the central black hole of that galaxy. When doing so, Rubin observed that the Newtonian laws of gravity. The stars closer to the black hole should have been orbiting it at a more accelerated pace than the stars farther away, although this was not happening. Rubin then lead a team of astronomers to observe many galaxies, and in their observations, they noticed that the galaxies evidently had a form of invisible mass at work. The research team discovered spirals encapsulated in what appears to be dark matter. The mass of dark matter is believed to be far greater than the mass of visible matter in the universe. Dark matter is called dark matter for the reason that it does not appear to interact with regular matter in any form,
Galileo even as a boy seemed destined to challenge the scientific thought of the day. He has often been characterized as a pioneer of rebellion against authority. If that was true then he was only following in his father’s footsteps. His Father, a revolutionary man in the world of music who spoke out against the music theories of his day, was quoted as saying, "It appears to me that those who try to prove an assertion by relying simply on the weight of authority act very absurdly" (White, 196). Galileo continued in his father’s rebellion against contemporary views with his support of a helio-centric-universe, a view previously argued by Copernicus, but for the most part ignored by scientists for its contradiction with the established, church-endorsed system of Ptolemy.
Galileo Galilei was an Italian scientist, often referred to as “the father of modern physics”. He was one of the inventors of the telescope and a strong proponent of Copernicanism. Galileo used his invention to make astronomical observations which supported Copernicus’ heliocentric model of the universe. These discoveries led to a fierce dispute, because they contradicted the theory which was prevalent at the time – that the universe followed a geocentric model, a theory, which had been accepted by the Catholic Church. To address this dispute, Galileo wrote a letter to Tuscany’s Grand Duchess Christina, in which he presented his position on the relation between science and religion, stating that the Bible does not contradict science.
In 1543 Nicholas Copernicus, a Polish Canon, published “On the Revolution of the Celestial Orbs”. The popular view is that Copernicus discovered that the earth revolves around the sun. The notion is as old as the ancient Greeks however. This work was entrusted by Copernicus to Osiander, a staunch Protestant who though the book would most likely be condemned and, as a result, the book would be condemned. Osiander therefore wrote a preface to the book, in which heliocentrism was presented only as a theory which would account for the movements of the planets more simply than geocentrism did, one that was not meant to be a definitive description of the heavens--something Copernicus did not intend. The preface was unsigned, and everyone took it to be the author’s. That Copernicus believed the helioocentric theory to be a true description of reality went largely unnoticed. In addition to the preface, this was partly because he still made reassuring use of Ptolemy's cycles and epicycles; he also borrowed from Aristotle the notion that the planets must move in circles because that is the only perfect form of motion.
My client, Nicolaus Copernicus, discovered the Heliocentric or “Sun-centered” theory in 1543. The “Sun-centered” theory explains, that our universe revolves around the Sun and not the Earth. Because of this theory, he is being thrown in jail. For coming up with a sun correct theory! He reached this theories conclusion after a lot of studying and research. He also has evidence to why his theory is true and to why he should not be thrown in jail. The two main reasons to why he does not deserve to be thrown in jail. First, just because Copernicus dedicated one of his books to Pope Paul lll and said that the Catholic church should take things more easily, does not mean he was being rude to the pope. Second, Copernicus also has evidence to support his theory. Also, some might think his argument is weak and they shouldn’t believe him.
Galileo Galilei was an Italian philosopher born in 1564. As an adult, he didn’t believe the universal geocentric theory of the planets and heavens which was established by the Catholic Church. The church taught that the Earth was the center of the universe and everything revolved around our planet. Another theory that the Church supported was that the Earth stood still while the sun rose and set every day. Society in the 1500’s believed that the Pope spoke for God through a divine connection and to against the church was to go against God. To speak out against the church in this time was strictly taboo. If one was to speak against the church was considered to be heresy, which is exactly what happened to Galileo. Galileo invented the telescope and began studying the heavens above and noticed that changes within the stars and planets. He noticed that the “stars” that surrounded Jupiter moved. He came to the conclusion through rational thinking, that the Copernicus’ heliocentric theory was correct. Copernicus was a scientist and philosopher whose theory proposed that the sun was stationary and the heavens orbit around the sun. Galileo tried to convince the church not to aboli...
One of the discoveries Galileo made that supported the Heliocentric model was the discoveries of Venus’s four moons. The motions of the moon's proved that not everything in the sky revolves around
Galileo compliments Copernicus on his capability to limit himself from suddenly clarifying the developments of the planets in light of the visual proof that he can see without a telescope, and rather depending on the incentive to control his clarifications. He gives sufficient contentions for Copernicus' model of the close planetary system, having the Sun as the focal point of the nearby planetary group instead of the Earth, and even gives and contradicts counter opinions that I can just accept that how he feels would be the most widely recognized. Galileo clarifies how Copernicus' hypothesis is affirming when taking a gander at the planets in a way that darkens the power of the impressions of light from the sun radiated by the planet, plainly uncovering the planet's size. By utilizing a basic illustration, Galileo affirms Copernicus' hypothesis facilitate when he utilizes the hypothesis to delineate how the planets seem to move ahead, in reverse, then, forward again amid their going through the sky.
Galileo was born on February 15, 1564, and died in Arcetri, near Florence, Italy, on January 8, 1642, after suffering from a fever and heart palpitations. He is known for being the father of space. Galileo is the most famous astronomer. Galileo was the first of six children born to Vincenzo Galilei, a well-known musician and music theorist, and Giulia Ammannati. In 1574, the family moved to Florence, where Galileo started his formal education at the Camaldolese monastery in Vallombrosa. Galileo quickly found a new position at the University of Padua, teaching geometry, mechanics and astronomy. In 1600, Galileo met Marina Gamba, a Venetian woman, they had three children, daughters Virginia and Livia, and son Vincenzo. He never married Marina, due to financial worries and possibly fearing his illegitimate children would threaten his social standing. When Galileo’s father had died in 1591, it left Galileo entrusted with the care of his younger brother Michelagnolo. During his 18-year tenure at Padua, he gave entertaining lectures and attracted large crowds of followers, further increasing his fame and his sense of mission. In 1610 Galileo wrote a book named, “The Starry Messenger” revealing Galileo’s discoveries that the moon was not flat and smooth but a sphere with mountains and craters.
Galileo Galilei, a science and mathematics professor Born on February 15, 1564, in Pisa, Italy, was a man who pioneered observations of the universe and physics. His studies led to the foundations of modern physics and astronomy. Galileo, also an innovator, made improvements on what is known today as the telescope, which he used to make his astronomical observations and discoveries. Although his observations made with the telescope set ground to the heliocentric model of our solar system, it would also kindle attention to his work and create controversy between him and the catholic church. Furthermore, the Catholic Church attempted to make it impossible for Galileo to express his theories by; modifying his documents making them sounds anti-religious,
Galileo is one of the greatest scientists in the world, especially at that moment. At that
The bottom line is that historical sciences (in this case, cosmology) can make testable predictions: the existence of background radiation and its properties, the distribution of light isotopes, the presence of galaxy evolution, the age constraint, and so on. The same goes with evolutionary biology, another historical science.
Galileo was the first of six children born to Vincenzo Galilei, who was musician and music theorist. In 1583, Galileo entered the University of Pisa to study medicine.
Much to the dismay of the Church, two astronomers Galileo and Kepler had the audacity to challenge the authorities by suggesting that the sun-not the earth-was at the center of the universe. The church had a stronghold on the way the spiritual and physical world worked, so these discoveries only added to the Church’s resistance to their aims. Their discoveries came only after Kepler and Galileo began to question ancient theories about how the world functioned. These ancient truths were widely held but were inconsistent with the new observations that they had made. Kepler had discovered the laws of planetary motion which suggested that the planet would move in elliptical orbits, while Galileo followed with his discovery of the principle of inertia. Galileo concluded his finding b...
Galileo was probably the greatest astronomer, mathematician and scientist of his time. In fact his work has been very important in many scientific advances even to this day.
Throughout the mid-20th century, the Big Bang theory and the steady-state theory dominated scientific thinking about the origin of the universe; however, discoveries in the1960s dealt a serious blow to the steady-state model. The discover of radiation in microwaves hurt the steady-state theory. Following World War II, Martin Ryle led a study at Cambridge in which he tested over 2,000 different radio sources from outside the Milky Way, and he concluded that the different radio sources showed a different distribution, thus supporting the Big Bang theory (“Big Bang” 1). In the early 1960s, Robert Dicke of Princeton University verified Gamow’s idea that there was a microwave background in the sky consistent with an initial explosion (Cowen, “Journey” 394). Further support for the Big Bang model came in 1963 when two scientists