Incidence of fertilizer policies overseas BRAZIL Brazil is traditionally a net importer of fertilizers. The fertilizer industry in Brazil is heavily dependent on the imports of raw materials and intermediate products. The price volatility in the international market compelled the Brazilian government to think of introducing a state owned company (in the year 2008-09) to regulate the domestic fertilizer market and increase the availability of raw materials. The state owned company has two major functions; to explore mineral fields and source major minerals, and to act as price buffering mechanism between international and domestic markets. It has to subsidise domestic prices when international prices are high and earn profits when the situation …show more content…
The government intervention started in the year 1973, when it created the Fertilizer Industry Authority (FIA). The jurisdiction of FIA included control over prices, distribution, import, export and production. FIA was also given tax exemption for imports of all kinds of fertilizers. The Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority (FPA) replaced the FIA in 1977, and it is currently the authority for implementation of fertilizer policies. As a part of the liberalization policy of the government, the fertilizer trade was deregulated in the year 1986. Even though the fertilizer subsidies had contributed significantly to the increase in fertilizer consumption and higher agricultural yield, it was put on hold from 1998. A policy which provided import duty incentives was implemented in 1997. This policy allowed duty exemption for fertilizer shipments. From the year 1999, fertilizer imports by cooperatives, farmers’ associations and other entities directly involved in agriculture were given complete exemption from VAT (Alcala 2012). The fertilizer requirements of Philippines are met from domestic production, imports as well as fertilizer grants from countries like Japan. Policy to popularise the use of organic fertilizers has also been implemented (Bunoan-olegario
Brazil is the largest country in South America and in Latin America, fifth largest in the world. It is one of the more diverse countries in the world, with different cultures and ethnicities. Brazil’s type of government is a Federal Republic. Brazil is on its way to growing out of its emerging market status and becoming one of the richest and most developed countries on earth. Brazil’s human, mineral, and agricultural resources are on par with those of the United States and Canada, and it has a few great opportunities to take advantage of in order to continue the growth it’s been experiencing over the past 20 years. Brazil, known for its natural resources, find in energy one of the country’s main ways of resources, being either oil and natural gas or biofuels and solar/wind power.
Globalisation has been crucial to the economic and social development of Brazil. In the late twentieth century Brazil face years of economic, political and social instability experiencing high inflation, high income inequality and rapidly growing poverty. However after a change of government in the 1990s and large structural changes in both the economic and social landscapes, the brazilian economy has been experiencing a growing middle class and reduced income gap. Since the start of the 21st century, brazil has benefitted from the move to a more global economy.
The first chapter focuses on Brazil’s founding and history up until present. When the Portuguese were blown off course to Asia onto the coasts of Brazil in 1500, the Portuguese knew they had found a land filled with opportunities. The main attraction was the abundance of brazilwood which could be used for manufacturing luxurious fabrics in Europe. Over the centuries, exploration led to the discovery of more resources such as sugar, coffee, and precious metals that had made it a sought after country for colonization. Even to this day, Brazil maintains the image of a land with limitless resources since the recent discovery of oil and gas reserves and other commodities.
Due to its high population rate (large labour pool), its vast natural resources and its geographical position in the centre of South America, it bears enormous growth potential in the near future. Aligned with increasing currency stability, international companies have heavily invested in Brazil over the past decade. According to CIA World Factbook, Brazil had the 11th largest PPP in 2004 worldwide and today has a well established middle income economy with wide variations in levels of development. Thus, today Brazil is South America's leading economic power and a regional leader. 2.
Agricultural subsidies have been in use by most industrialized nations of the world since the 1920s (Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia). These subsidies are meant to keep food prices stable, increase income from food exports and stabilize farm income. This is done by direct payments in the form of grants to farmers, usually based on how much and what kind of product they produce. Trade barriers implemented by developed nations also subsidize farm products indirectly (Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia). The current subsidy policies of the European Union, the United States, and other developed nations have had devastating effects worldwide. The use of agricultural subsidies is a major cause of the current obesity epidemic and undermines farmers of the third world, eventually leading to agricultural instability and distorted market values.
Before 1930, the Brazilian economy was dominated by a number of agricultural and mineral products for export. The world economic depression of the 1930s encouraged the government to diversify the economy, particularly through industrialization. Consequently, the importance of agriculture and mining has fallen significantly. A major objective of Brazil's industrialization policy was to replace imported manufactures with Brazilian-made ones. It is now able to export goods such as iron ore, soybeans, footwear, and coffee. Its imports include machinery and equipment, chemical products, oil, and electricity.
To really begin to understand this complex topic a person really needs to understand the basics of agricultural subsidizing. A subsidy is defined as a grant by a government to a private person or company to assist an enterprise deemed advantageous to the public (Mish, 2003). More specifically, in the agricultural industry the government provides financial assistance to producers in the farm industry in order to prevent decline in production. The government does this by providing financial assistance to farmers and by managing the cost and supply of certain commodities. There a few reasons for this. One reason is to provide assistance to family sized farm owners who have trouble competing with commercial farms. This is supposed to maintain an efficient market balance. Another reason is to control the prices of commodities and keep the global food prices low. There are two main ways that payments are made. The payments may be made directly based on historical cropping patterns on a fixed number of acres. Or they can also be made depending on current market prices. Farmer’s may be guaranteed...
Lab 4: Energy Conservation: Hot Stuff!! The purpose of this experiment is to try to find the original temperature of the hot water in the heater using the 60 degrees C thermometer. Use your 60°C thermometer, and any materials available in your laboratory, to determine the temperature of the water in the coffee pot. During this experiment we calculated the original temperature of a heater after it had been cooled down, and we did this by measuring hot, cold, and warm water, with a thermometer that had tape covering 60 degrees and up.
Around the 1930s, Brazil and Latin American began following the process of Import Substitution Industrialization, which lasted until the end of the 1980s. The ISI policies devaluated the currency in order to boost exports and discourage imports, followed by adopting different exchange rates for goods (Watkins). ISI in Brazil had an interesting effect; it created a three-prong system of governmental, private, and foreign capital being directed at the infrastructure and heavy industry, manufacturing goods, and the production of durable goods. The program worked at first but then became a serious economic problem. When the 1980s came around Brazil realized that ISI policies lead to inefficient industries because of their lack of exposure to international competition, the policies ignoring the rural sector, and finally limiting the local producers. Following the end of the ISI policies, Brazil went through many plans to correct the economy and none seemed to work until the Real Plan made real changes to the country.
Brazil is an entrepreneurial country. Brazil is the largest coffee producer in the world! The country has gained its position in the last 150 years of production and maintenance. The crop first arrived in Brazil during the 18th century and the country had become the supreme producer by the 1840’s. Coffee remains as an important export, although its vitality has reduced in the last 50 years. Brazil is the world’s biggest coffee grower and exporter and the size of its annual harvest can have a strong effect on world prices. Brazil itself is the second largest consumer of coffee, next is Germany, on the authority of the International Coffee Organization in London. Brazil increased its coffee production to an amazing 46 million bags in 2008, easily beating its
Indian Farmers Fertiliser Co-operative Limited (IFFCO) was registered on November 3, 1967 as a Multi-unit Co-operative Society. The Society is primarily engaged in production and distribution of fertilisers. It is a unique venture in which the farmers of the country through their own co operative societies created this new institution to safeguard their interests. (IFFCO 2013)
Production and export of oilseeds are however, dominated by a group of producing countries. The United States, China, Brazil, India, Argentina, the EU, and Canada are the world’s largest producers, which account for about 70 percent of global oilseeds output (Hoffman et al., 1999) as cited( Fenta et.al 2011). For example, in 2008-09, EU-27 total oilseeds production stood at 27.2 million metric tons while estimated production for 2009-10 stood at 29.6 million metric tons whereas China’s annual total oilseeds production for 2010-11 was estimated to be 54.6 million metric tons. Despite increasing production, erratic climatic conditions in many countries in general, and throughout the South American continent in particular, have been affecting oilseeds production. The United States, Brazil, Argentina and the EU dominate export market, which account for over 80 percent of the world oilseeds exports. Despite substantial growth in oilseeds production in the past 25 years, and recent gains in export volume, both exporters and importers have been engaged in trade distorting policies such as deferential export taxes and production subsidies. As a result, many attempts have been made to favor domestic oilseeds production at the expense of imports or to encourage domestic processing of imported oilseeds versus imports of oilseeds products. Of course, several major initiatives have been undertaken to reduce trade
In recent years it has become clear that some environmental chemicals can cause risks to the developing embryo and fetus. Evaluating the developmental toxicity of environmental chemicals is now a prominent public health concern. The suspected association between TCE and congenital cardiac malformations warrants special attention because TCE is a common drinking water contaminant that is detected in water supplies throughout the U.S. and the world. There is a lot of concern about the clean up of toxic pollutants from the environment.
Fertilization (conception) is the moment in which the sperm cell enters the oocyte and merges with it. From this moment, the cell division begins: at each division the number of cells is doubled in the fertilized egg. About two days after fertilization, the fertilized egg migrates the remaining way of the fallopian tube down to the uterus, where the implantation takes place. So that it can even come to the fertilization, some conditions are necessary, which will all together lead to the sperm and egg cell coming together. This is how fertilization works: After ovulation, the ovum migrates in the fallopian tube towards the uterus. In the next twelve to 24 hours she is fertile. The sperm arriving at the ovum try to drill through its shell. Fertilization
The tropics are effect by many weather conditions which makes the jobs of farmers difficult. Overall subsistence and the GNP are effected by changes in weather, which for the most part is not always predictable. In a world that is divided up into the haves and the have nots, government influence is crucial in regulating practices and the overall distribution of wealth Despite this fact, programs implemented did not always succeed in benefitting the Filipinos. One major attribute of the Philippines is the wide variety of crops produced in this region. Crops which many not be able to grow during the rainy season may grow during in the period of December - May when there is little rainfall (and vice versa).