Background
Introduction
Diseases and viruses have been around since the beginning of time but since then there have been cures created to prevent these infections. There are some viruses that are not contagious whereas others are very. For example, the Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a strand of upper respiratory infection (URI) that is associated with multiple other diseases. The Feline calicivirus is common in older, male and purebred cats and cats living in multiple households (Fernandez et al, 2017). There is no direct cure for Feline calicivirus because there are multiple links to it that it is impossible to make a direct cure. Another disease or virus that associates with the feline calicivirus the most is gingivostomatitis and limping syndrome
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Some cats may not receive any of these symptoms but it is important to understand that the feline calicivirus can be present in the environment up to 8 or 10 days. The milder signs include fevers, herpes (lymph nodes) between their toes, claws, eyes, the bottom of their feet and nose ("Feline Calicivirus (FCV) Treatment”, 2001). These mild symptoms could relate to other diseases and lots of these overlap as well. Other diseases that could be a sign of feline calicivirus are arthritis, gingivitis, stomatitis, limping syndrome, gingivostomatitis, hepatitis, pancreatitis, skin swelling, and other respiratory viruses (“International Cat Care”, 2017). Arthritis makes it difficult for the cat to move around without joint pain. Limping syndrome, herpes, and gingivitis, stomatitis makes it uncomfortable for the cat to eat. Some of these symptoms could also be passed along if the cat sneezes or saliva gets on objects or other cats. It is obvious that these cats can have some of these diseases without having a feline calicivirus but the continuation of this virus can correlate to gingivitis. However, the combination of feline calicivirus and limping syndrome means they do have a feline calicivirus because the virus causes the limping syndrome. On the other hand, besides physical symptoms, it is
In 1994, a stable in Hendra, a suburb of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia broke out with an unknown respiratory disease that resulted in thirteen horses and one horse trainer severely ill, resulting in death. [7, 8] This disease was isolated by scientists and later classified as the Hendra virus. The Hendra virus (HeV), previously unknown, is now classified under the family Paramyxoviridae, genus Henipavirus along with its sister viruses the Nipah Virus and Cedar virus.[7, 9] HeV has the capability of causing fatal diseases in several animal species including humans.[1] The primary host of the Hendra virus was identified as the flying fox species from the genus Pteropus[1,2,3] that resides and migrates through Northeastern Australia[8] or more specifically, the East coast of Australia to Melbourne and west across Northern Australia to Darwin[7].
The Panic Virus: A True Story of Medicine, Science, and Fear written by Seth Mnookin offers something for all potential readers. For those who are anti-vaccine, Mnookin offers valid science, testimony, history, and excerpts that demonstrate that vaccinating a child can be more beneficial than not. Instead of simply dismissing those who do not vaccinate their children, Mnookin offers valid points to counter argue in this debate. Mnookin offers thought, logic, reasoning, and research into his arguments, showing that his opinion is rooted in fact, rather than opinion or belief. Those who are on the fence about vaccination may find this book useful in that Mnookin not only offers plenty valid points about pro-vaccination, however, he also provides
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common virus in the United States that can infect almost any individual. Cytomegalovirus is also referred to as Herpesvirus-5, which belongs to a branch of Herpesviridae family. Herpesviridae has a spherical shape that contains four significant elements that are important to the viron. The four elements are the core, tegument, capsid and the envelope. Alphaherpesvirinae, Betaherpesvirinae and Gammaherpesvirinae are three subfamilies which belong to Herpesviridae. Cytomegalovirus belongs to the Betaherpesvirinae family, which also include Muromegalovirus and Roseolovirus. The Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily includes Simplexvirus, Varicellovirus, Mardivirus and Iltovirus genera. The Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily contains Lymphocryptovirus and Rhadinovirus genera. The diameter size of the virus is based on each specific family; however, the core remains the same throughout the species, which contains single layer of double stranded DNA tightly condensed in the capsid. In the tegument component, there are 30 or more viral proteins that are shapeless that encompass the capsid. Out of the four major components, the tegument has the most poorly defined structure. On the other hand, the capsid is a well-defined structure that is an icosahedron, which is composed of 162 capsomeres, 12 of which are pentons and 150 are hexons (1). Last but not least, the liquid envelope surrounds the tegument with approximately 10 glycoprotein and cellular proteins. Each subfamily under the herpesviriade has its own arrangement between the liquid envelop and the tegument layer.
Also called feline infectious eneritis, feline “distemper”, and feline ataxia or incoordination. Examples of other viruses belonging to the same genus as Feline panleukopenia virus include Canine parvovirus type 2, Porcine parvovirus, Mink enteritis virus, and Raccoon enteritis virus.
The presentation of squamous cell carcinoma varies according to stages of the cancer, types of lesions, and the underlying causes of neoplasm. Felines presented with squamous cell carcinoma would typically have lesions, erosions, crusting of epithelial cells, ulcerations and sometimes necrosis in serious conditions. At early stages, the cat would develop hyperplastic lesions and inflammation around the affected area. It will look erythematous and slightly crusty or scaly. As time passes, the signs become worse where the lesions become proliferative which exhibits a look of cauliflower- like masses. They are often ulcerated and have crusted lesions. Unfortunately, it bleeds easily when it is traumatized. The favored area of the neoplasms are usually at nose, eyelids, and pinnae where there are lack of pigmentation.
Almost no one on Earth has any immunity at all to this virus, which makes ordinary vaccines useless against it. The sudden spread of the virus into Europe foreshadows an epidemic development that could be worldwide. Ultimately, there is no way to protect ourselves against epidemics. They will keep disappearing and coming back in new forms.
By searching for the causative agent of infectious disease the focus can then be shifted into discovering preventative and treatment of the disease. Examples of this process are the outbreak of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). As published by McEwen & Wills (2011), BSE was identified as a protein transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated meat. Prevention and interventions were created as a result of the discovery of the protein. Comparably, AIDS, was first identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in September of 1982, however, months passed before the causative agent was deemed a retrovirus later to be determined the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Even before the virus was isolated methods of transmission was recognized and interventions were acknowledged (McEwen & Wills, 2011).
I hope I have helped you understand how canines get this disease and what your treatment options are. Also, the importance of keeping your pet on prevention.
For years, scientists had though that the only way to get infected with an infectious disease is trough out parasites, viruses, or bacteria, but there is a reason why not everybody is susceptible to the same diseases or can be infected with the same virus than others,
The human population has a high susceptibility to the contraction of new diseases and outbreaks of these diseases are of high risk. Diseases in recent times that have broken out into the human population are the H7N9 flu strain and SARS. Despite the risk, outbreaks like H7N9 and SARS have been controlled due to epidemiology and other disease control methods. Outbreaks of disease are not uncommon to the human population as they move to new areas around the world with foreign diseases that the native residents would have developed a resistance to.
Viruses can be transmitted in many ways. Being in contact with an infected person will most likely transfer the virus. One can also obtain the virus through swallowing, inhaling, and unsafe sex. Poor hygiene and eating habits usually increase the risk of catching a viral infection. Contracting a viral infection is followed by adverse s...
for which no cure has yet been created. It is important to know however, that methods are currently available which can prevent the transfer of this virus, and even slow down its malicious effects. before they become fatal. It is equally important to know how to avoid getting the virus and also the symptoms in case you might run across them. They are all a lot.
Between Cats and Dogs). Lastly cats, with their calming purrs and soft furs can reduce the risk
In the 1960s, doctors in the United States predicted that infectious diseases were in decline. US surgeon Dr. William H. Stewart told the nation that it had already seen most of the frontiers in the field of contagious disease. Epidemiology seemed destined to become a scientific backwater (Karlen 1995, 3). Although people thought that this particular field was gradually dying, it wasn’t. A lot more of it was destined to come. By the late 1980s, it became clear that people’s initial belief of infectious diseases declining needed to be qualified, as a host of new diseases emerged to infect human beings (Smallman & Brown, 2011).With the current trends, the epidemics and pandemics we have faced have created a very chaotic and unreliable future for mankind. As of today, it has really been difficult to prevent global epidemics and pandemics. Although the cases may be different from one state to another, the challenges we all face are all interconnected in this globalized world.
In Australia in the last ten years more then 137 known people have died and many more fallen very ill from contagious and infectious disease. Diseases such as diphtheria; tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis, measles, mumps rubella and Haemophilus influenzae, This is a great tragedy considering all these diseases are easily preventable by immunisation.