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Child development theories in education
How to become an effective early childhood teacher
Child development theories in education
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Observation: Teacher goes over to student struggling with math worksheet. Brings over abacus and sits next to him. Begins to demonstrate. “Now how many do we take away?” child is the one to show the math on abacus. “Now how many are left?” prompts child to count the rings in order to figure out problem. Slides first number over, gets student to take away the right number. Then counts the remaining to get the right answer. This interaction was carried out between the head teacher within the classroom and a student. The class was completing worksheets that involved different types of math problems including subtraction and multiplication. The teacher brought the abacus over to the table that the child was sitting at in order to help with subtraction. …show more content…
Within mathematics, automaticity refers to being aware of certain facts without needing to consciously process and undergo the operation (Arnold, 2012). This explains how we eventually come to just know simple mathematic problems without having to do them out in our heads. At a point, everyone comes to know that 1+1=2, but this is an example of automaticity; we do not mentally add 1+1 in our minds every time that problem arrises. The comment about using the brain implies that, to her, these problems are simple and should simply be known without any effort in solving them. However, it seems as though the other student has not yet reached the same level of automaticity and cannot solve the more complex problems without the help or physically going over the problem to solve …show more content…
After the initial burst of music, the music teacher stopped the class and asked for the three reasons why the recorders would squeak. The students gave the responses and they continued to play. However, I noticed that one student stopped playing after continuously squeaking and only pretended to play with a significant gap between her lips and the instrument. This illustrates an important occurrence that often begins in middle childhood and continues through adolescence: self efficacy. Self efficacy refers to how an individual perceives themselves and perceives their capabilities within a given situation or task (Bandura, Pastorelli, Barnarenelli & Caprara, 1999). Somebody with low personal self efficacy in a certain realm will be less likely to perform the task or engage in a situation because they will compare themselves to others, and find themselves lacking, and fear how others will perceive them (Chase, 2001). This student may have heard herself squeaking on the instrument, and stopped playing for several reasons. It could be that she was comparing herself to others who were playing better or feared what others were thinking about her
The second class is Ms. Novak’s algebra. Ms. Novak. Ms. Novak starts her class off with group warm ups to get the students ready for class. Once the class is done with the warm ups, the class moves into the class exercise for the day. The students are learning two-step equations with manipulatives. First, Ms. Novak uses cups and chips as a manipulative to teach the students how to distinguish variables and numbers in a math equation. As a way of showin...
I visited Mrs. Cable’s kindergarten classroom at Conewago elementary school one afternoon and observed a math lesson. Mrs. Cable had an attention-grabbing lesson and did many great things in the thirty minutes I observed her. I have my own personal preferences, just like every teacher, and I do have a few things I would do differently. There are also many ways this observation can be related to the material discussed in First Year Seminar.
When the time was up to stop writing, I looked around the classroom and noticed some of the students appeared a bit confused. The assignment was not a difficult one, not for me anyway. When the teacher began asking students to share what they had written with the class, it was interesting to find that only a...
The second interaction that I saw was cross-age tutoring. Cross-age tutoring is tutoring of a younger student by an older one. During my observation, I was shocked when I saw the
Alison spent 12 years of her life learning how to learn. She was comfortable with conversation, but could not understand directions. This caused her a lot of self-esteem issues as a young child trying to fit in with all the other kids. She felt an enormous amount of pressure at both school and home. At age seven, she finally came to the realization that she just did not understand. That is when she began to develop coping mechanisms like asking others to repeat and clarify directions, spoken or written. She used the cues of those around her, and observed her classmates and reactions...
Observation allows researchers to experience a specific aspect of social life and get a firsthand look at a trend, institution or behaviour. It promotes good communication skills, improves decision making and enhances awareness.
Children can enhance their understanding of difficult addition and subtraction problems, when they learn to recognize how the combination of two or more numbers demonstrate a total (Fuson, Clements, & Beckmann, 2011). As students advance from Kindergarten through second grade they learn various strategies to solve addition and subtraction problems. The methods can be summarize into three distinctive categories called count all, count on, and recompose (Fuson, Clements, & Beckmann, 2011). The strategies vary faintly in simplicity and application. I will demonstrate how students can apply the count all, count on, and recompose strategies to solve addition and subtraction problems involving many levels of difficulty.
Like anything that has to do with music, it will take time for the student’s embouchure to develop and happen without outside assistance. A teacher should always be on the lookout for errors that th...
Self-efficacy is the belief that someone has the inherent ability to achieve a goal. A student who has a high self-efficacy allows himself to believe that he can be successfully academically.(Bozo & Flint, 2008) He believes that a challenging problem is a task that can be mastered This student is more committed to work in the classroom. (Schunk,1991). On the other hand, a student who has a low level of self-efficacy is likely to be academically motivated. He is more likely to avoid a task that is difficult, give up, make excuses, or lose confidence in his abilities (Margolis & McCabe, 2006). This failure becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy. Teachers need to find ways to motivate these students by increasing their self-efficacy.
If a child can say the answer to a math fact problem within a couple of seconds, this is considered mastery of the fact (Marques, 2010). Automaticity – the point at which something is automatic- is the goal when referring to math facts. Students are expected to be able to recall facts without spending time thinking about them, counting on their fingers, using manipulatives, etc (Yermish, 2011). .
In contrast, students with dyscalculia often use a count all method when working with math problems. As stated in Socioeconomic Variation, Number Competence, and Mathematics Learning Difficulties in Young Children “Young children who develop mathematical learning difficulties rely on the more basic “count all” finger strategies for extended periods…thus make frequent counting errors while adding and subtracting” (Jordan & Levine 2009, pp.63). Students with dyscalculia approach problems in a similar fashion and do not use effective strategies when working with numbers. As a result, they tend to take long periods of time to figure a problem and make mistakes when counting. On the other hand, students who use effective strategies, such as grouping when doing addition or subtraction are more likely to arrive at the correct
The concept of self-efficacy is grounded in Bandura’s (1977) social learning theory. Bandura (1994) defines perceived self-efficacy as “people’s beliefs about their capabilities to produce efforts” (p. 71). In essence, one having strong self-efficacy experience increase in motivation, accomplishment, and personal well-being ( Bandura, 1994). Those with a low sense of self-efficacy, on the other hand, often suffer stress and depression; unbelieving of their capabilities and often succumbed to failure (Bandura, 1994).
...nd make similar problem situations, and then, they provided the students with a little bit of practice because practice makes perfect! After that, teachers may put the students on the situation given just now.
Ever wonder how scientists figure out how long it takes for the radiation from a nuclear weapon to decay? This dilemma can be solved by calculus, which helps determine the rate of decay of the radioactive material. Calculus can aid people in many everyday situations, such as deciding how much fencing is needed to encompass a designated area. Finding how gravity affects certain objects is how calculus aids people who study Physics. Mechanics find calculus useful to determine rates of flow of fluids in a car. Numerous developments in mathematics by Ancient Greeks to Europeans led to the discovery of integral calculus, which is still expanding. The first mathematicians came from Egypt, where they discovered the rule for the volume of a pyramid and approximation of the area of a circle. Later, Greeks made tremendous discoveries. Archimedes extended the method of inscribed and circumscribed figures by means of heuristic, which are rules that are specific to a given problem and can therefore help guide the search. These arguments involved parallel slices of figures and the laws of the lever, the idea of a surface as made up of lines. Finding areas and volumes of figures by using conic section (a circle, point, hyperbola, etc.) and weighing infinitely thin slices of figures, an idea used in integral calculus today was also a discovery of Archimedes. One of Archimedes's major crucial discoveries for integral calculus was a limit that allows the "slices" of a figure to be infinitely thin. Another Greek, Euclid, developed ideas supporting the theory of calculus, but the logic basis was not sustained since infinity and continuity weren't established yet (Boyer 47). His one mistake in finding a definite integral was that it is not found by the sums of an infinite number of points, lines, or surfaces but by the limit of an infinite sequence (Boyer 47). These early discoveries aided Newton and Leibniz in the development of calculus. In the 17th century, people from all over Europe made numerous mathematics discoveries in the integral calculus field. Johannes Kepler "anticipat(ed) results found… in the integral calculus" (Boyer 109) with his summations. For instance, in his Astronomia nova, he formed a summation similar to integral calculus dealing with sine and cosine. F. B. Cavalieri expanded on Johannes Kepler's work on measuring volumes. Also, he "investigate[d] areas under the curve" ("Calculus (mathematics)") with what he called "indivisible magnitudes.
The Nature of Mathematics Mathematics relies on both logic and creativity, and it is pursued both for a variety of practical purposes and for its basic interest. The essence of mathematics lies in its beauty and its intellectual challenge. This essay is divided into three sections, which are patterns and relationships, mathematics, science and technology and mathematical inquiry. Firstly, Mathematics is the science of patterns and relationships. As a theoretical order, mathematics explores the possible relationships among abstractions without concern for whether those abstractions have counterparts in the real world.