Drosophila melanogaster is a fruit fly that is valuable to biological research, particularly in genetics and developmental biology. (Manning, 1997) For the purposes of this experiment D. melanogaster was used to examine Mendelian inheritance patterns commonly seen in the study of genetics. The final offspring results would show whether the traits of the fruit flies are a product of independent assortment, which is a Mendelian pattern of inheritance, or if non-Mendelian patterns had taken effect. Mendelian inheritance is simply named after the experimenter Gregor Mendel who began his studies with pea plants. After crossing the parental generation Mendel proposed the Law of Segregation which states that copies of a gene split during the passing of traits from parent to offspring. Later, Mendel determined that different genes assort randomly into gametes, or sex cells. This means that genes cannot be linked. (Campbell, 2007)
Gene linkage is described as the association of genes on the same chromosome which is a product of crossing over. (Northwestern, 2004) If genes are linked we say that independent assortment is excluded which means there is a Non-Mendelian inheritance pattern. Crossing over occurs when one sister chromatid swaps genetic information with another sister chromatid causing a rearrangement of alleles. In order to determine if genes are linked scientists use chi square analysis which numerically determines if genes may be randomly assorted based on Mendelian inheritance patterns or if independent assortment is not a factor in the development of an offspring’s traits. In this experiment, after the parental flies had been crossed to yield a first filial generation and after the first filial generations mated t...
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...er it is possible to study genetic principles which gives human beings a greater understanding of the unique characteristics of all species in the living world.
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When trying to understand genetics Mendel 's laws are a very big part of it. Mendel 's two laws help us understand and analyze genetic crossings. In our experiment we used drosophila melanogaster flies, a common fruit fly. This was perfect to understand and visualize how the laws take effect. Mendel stated that during the process of genetic crossing; two alleles are formed which then separated to form gametes, which would appear in fertilization. In our experiment we accomplish a cross that determined different eye and body colors. By using the Chi-Square test, we were able to test our results. Our groups hypothesis stated the number of flies from the F2 generation would accommodate Mendelian Genetic Ratio of 9:3:3:1. Our Chi-Square test results
The major topic of this experiment was to examine two different crosses between Drosophila fruit flies and to determine how many flies of each phenotype were produced. Phenotype refers to an individual’s appearance, where as genotype refers to an individual’s genes. The basic law of genetics that was examined in this lab was formulated by a man often times called the “father of genetics,” Gregor Mendel. He determined that individuals have two alternate forms of a gene, referred to as two alleles. An individual can me homozygous dominant (two dominant alleles, AA), homozygous recessive, (two recessive alleles, aa), or heterozygous (one dominant and one recessive allele, Aa). There were tow particular crosses that took place in this experiment. The first cross-performed was Ebony Bodies versus Vestigle Wings, where Long wings are dominant over short wings and normal bodies are dominant over black bodies. The other cross that was performed was White versus Wild where red eyes in fruit flies are dominant over white eyes.
The purpose of this experiment is to conduct genetics studies using drosophila fly as the test organism. Scientists can study the basic biology that is shared by all organisms using a model organism, such as drosophila fly1. Drosophila fly, or more commonly known as fruit fly, has several qualities that makes it well suited for experimental genetics cross. First, fruit flies are low maintenance organisms. They are small in size (few millimeters long), so they occupy a small space and a lot of them can fit in one vial at the same time. They only require a media to feed on. In this lab, instant media was used, which is efficient as it only requires the addition of water to be used. This media contains ingredients that the fruit fly can feed one,
-Reilly Philip. Is It In Your Genes. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. 2004: 223-228. Print
In the 19th century, Mendel’s relatively new science of inheritance and hereditary has increasingly developed into what we commonly understand today as genetics. Peter J. Bowler describes this field as becoming “a very active area of scientific research”.
...hich inherited traits, such as those for genetic disease, can be tracked over generations. Throughout out the course of human development, scientists will continue to find new new ways to help the human race through the discovery of the human gene inside of each of us, its uses, as well as complications, that can help the survival of our species.
Rantala, M. J., and Roff, D. A. 2006. Analysis of the importance of genotypic variation,
In order to figure out the genes responsible, there are several other factors that must be determined. These factors include the number of genes involved, if each gene is x-linked or autosomal, if the mutant or wild-type allele for each is dominant, and if genes are linked or on different chromosomes. Proposed crosses include reciprocal crosses between the pure-breeding mutants of strains A and B with the wild-type will help determine if the genes or sex-linked or autosomal, in addition to which alleles are dominant (8). Another proposed cross includes complementation crosses between pure-breading mutants from strains A and B to determine if one or two genes are involved (8). Furthermore, testcrosses between F1 progeny and pure-breeding recessive mutants from strains A and B, which will help determine if genes are linked on the chromosome or if they assort independently (8). These proposed crosses are shown in the attached
In this experiment, Mendelain Models are observed. The purpose of the experiment is to understand how traits are passed from one generation to the other as well as understanding the difference between sex linked and autosomal genes. One particular trait that is observed in this experiment is when a fly is lacking wings, also known as an apterous mutation. In this experiment, we will determine whether this mutation is carried on an autosomal chromosome or on a sex chromosome. The data for this experiment will be determined statistically with the aid of a chi-square. If the trait is autosomal, then it will be able to be passed to the next generation on an autosomal chromosome, meaning that there should be an equal amount of male and
Conclusion for class di-hybrid cross: The p value 0.779 is in the non-significant range in the chi square table. The null hypothesis is therefore correct. Sepia eyes and vestigial wings in the flies is a mutation in the genes that is not linked meaning it is a product of independent assortment.
This paper addresses a currently relevant topic of detection of associations of copy number polymorphism with traits and will be of interest to readers of Genetics Research.
M Dufrasne, I. M. (2013). Journal of Animal Science. Animal Genetics , Volume 91 (12).
Gregor Mendel, born as Johann Mendel, is considered to be one of the most significant historic scientist of all time. He was an Austrian scientist and monk and is best known as the “Father of Modern Genetics.” He founded the science of genetics and discovered many things that dealt with heredity that still applies to our world today. He is remembered for paving the way for scientists and future generations to come. Unfortunately, Mendel’s work went unnoticed until 16 years after his death and 34 years after he published his research. Though Mendel lay covered in his grave, his work would eventually be uncovered. Although Mendel was not there to see it,
National Institute of General Medical Sciences. (2010). "21st-Century Genetics." The New Genetics, p. 74-83. Retrieved from http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/chapter5.html