Income Shocks and Ethnic Group Bias
Motivation:
Ethnic group bias can have a strong impact on the functioning of ethnically diverse communities. It might increase the likelihood of conflict and limit cooperation among members of different ethnic groups. This is especially dangerous when one ethnic group has power over the others.Conflict, as Rohner, Thoenig, and Zilibotti (2012) show, results in lower inter-ethnic trust. This can essentially be a vicious circle, ethnic bias fuels ethnic conflict, which, again, results in more ethnic bias etc.
Miguel, Satyanath, and Sergenti (2004) relate economic shocks to the incidence of conflict. They show that negative growth shocks are strongly related to an increase in the number of conflicts. According to their findings, the impact of growth shocks is not significantly different in richer, more democratic, or more ethnically diverse countries, which is rather surprising.
Sociological theories propose several alternative explanations for ethnic bias. The
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Group bias can be measured as a difference in individual‘s attitudes towards certain group and her average attitudes. Afrobarometer’s survey results also include geographical information on participants‘ (regional and village level) and their ethnicity. Income is proxied e.g. by questions related to ownership of assets, self-assessed economic well-being and employment status. Wide range of individuals‘personal characteristics is covered, which makes it possible to control for other factors related to group bias. I will supplement Afrobarometer’s data with regional statistical data (similarly to the aforementioned paper). Similarly to Rohner, Thoenig, and Zilibotti (2012), The statistical data can be further supplemented nighttime lights in the area (see Hendorson, Storeygard and Weil (2012)) as a proxy for economic
“A World on the Edge” by Amy Chua discusses in depth the link between globalization and ethnic violence in several countries. Chua, a Yale Law professor, published her article in 2002 to the Wilson Quarterly and updated it in 2014. She has many crucial points throughout her article, but her core argument would be the effects that market-dominant minorities have on developing countries. Market-dominant minorities would be considered any ethnic group that is not the majority, but are the leading source of revenue and the wealthiest group in that specific country. Chua follows up this argument by stating that globalization is powered by markets and democracy. She also states that capitalism is the best economic system devised because it is a major
In the articles “Implicit racial bias often begins as early as preschool, a study finds” and “Research suggests the gender gap in math starts as early as kindergarten”. The central idea in the two articles are that girls and black students are treated unfairly. There are similarities and in how they develop the idea of how some students are discriminated against. However there are many differences in how they develop the central idea. There are studies that back up both accusations of black students and girls being treated differently in the classroom.
People commonly believe that property values decline when blacks or non-white move into a neighborhood. However, the real reason why property values decline is because of whites moving away and taking their resources with them. White homebuyers fear that property values will decline rapidly when nonwhite residents begin moving into a neighborhood. What they do not take into consideration is that the nonwhite residents may be their socioeconomic equals. Instead, they focus on race—they categorize individuals into socioeconomic classes on the basis of race. When whites or well-intentioned residents move away, businesses and jobs soon follow suit, thus, creating improvised neighborhoods.
In today’s society, it is acknowledgeable to assert that the concepts of race and ethnicity have changed enormously across different countries, cultures, eras, and customs. Even more, they have become less connected and tied with ancestral and familial ties but rather more concerned with superficial physical characteristics. Moreover, a great deal can be discussed the relationship between ethnicity and race. Both race and ethnicity are useful and counterproductive in their ways. To begin, the concept of race is, and its ideas are vital to society because it allows those contemporary nationalist movements which include, racist actions; to become more familiar to members of society. Secondly, it has helped to shape and redefine the meaning of
In the world today, racism and discrimination is one of the major issues being faced with. Racism has existed throughout the world for centuries and has been the primary reasons for wars, conflicts, and other human calamities all over the planet. It has been a part of America since the European colonization of North America beginning in the 17th century. Many people are not aware of how much racism still exist in our schools, workforces, and anywhere else that social lives are occurring. It started from slavery in America to caste partiality in India, down to the Holocaust in Europe during World War II.
Ethnicity is a self-defined social construct; it is a shared sense of belonging to a social group (Scheppers et al. 2005). Ethnic minority groups are individuals within a soci...
Minority is a broad term that classifies my family and me. This term can mean something bad and something good, depending on who’s perceiving the term. For me, personally it is a little bit of both. Being part of the minority group, it can and has been a barrier in my educational pursuit. However, it does not stop me from trying to reach my goals, it is like a motivation.
The article, “RACE AND ETHNICITY- CHANGING SYMBOL IS OF DOMINANCE AND HIERARCHY IN THE UNITED STATES” by Karen I. Blu is an exceptional work that clearly expounds on the racial and ethnic groups especially in America. Racial and ethnic groupings are gradually becoming popular in the public arena, in which people are shifting their focus on classifying other people on the basis of racial groupings to rather classifying them on the basis of ethnicity. Moreover, race grouping is slowly submerging into ethnic grouping with Black activism being the role player in this (Blu, 1979). The following is a summary of the aforementioned article in how it relates to racial and ethnic groups and response regarding its views.
Racism comes from different cultural values, ethnic backgrounds and also the physical appearances. The conflict of racism happens when the majority group of society feels that the different cultures and values of the minority group bring the deviance to the society. Race was created socially and primarily by how people perceive ideas and faces we are not quite used to. Racism have been one of the most significant issues that people have been facing and fighting for, and it is still occurring around us without we even notice. First, this paper will discuss about the definition, causes, types, and effects of racism. Second, it will discuss about the solutions to racism. Lastly, it will discuss the importance to reduce racism. Racism is a serious social crisis and it can be solved through several ways such as through individual action, family action, active interaction with the society, government policies, and education.
Attitudes are associated with specific individuals. One’s attitude is not necessarily regarded as collective attitude maintained in the particular society (Lieberman and Fredrick, 157). Each of the individuals affiliated with the social group can chose their won attitudes towards a particular individual or group in the particular social context. The cases of negative attitudes and discrimination in society more often than not prevail on the basis of racial differences. Hence, individuals’ attitudes in the perpetuation of discrimination and racial inequality have lowered significance in
3 Interventions for reducing implicit bias As we have seen in earlier sections of this report, an extensive body of research indicates that gender stereotypes and implicit biases are often unconscious, and highly prevalent. These features render such stereotypes or biases particularly difficult to change or mitigate. However, research has also identified some of the conditions under which gender stereotypes or implicit biases are more, or less, likely to occur. Moreover, research has demonstrated that such stereotypes or biases are modifiable and can be reduced, with appropriate training and intervention. This section focuses on research that illuminates the conditions under which gender stereotypes or implicit biases tend to occur, or tend to be minimized.
This brings attention to why race and ethnicity exist so predominantly in society. There are a number of theories that observe why racism, prejudice, and discri...
Being able to identify with a certain group has been an issue that individuals hesitate with daily. Am I Black, are you a girl, what religion do you practice? These are all common questions that society has forced individuals to concentrate on. Should an individual have to pick a side or is it relevant to the human race to identify with any group? One may believe not, but for others having and knowing one’s own identity is important, because it is something that they have been developing their entire life. Along with how their identity influenced their life chances and their self-esteem. This can also affect how society interact with whatever identity an individual chooses to live. Which is why it was important to recognize how identifying
Prejudice and discrimination are two concepts that often get confused with each other. Prejudice is negative attitudes towards others, which leads to discrimination, or acting on negative attitudes towards others. There are certain factors that contribute to prejudice and discrimination. These factors include adaptive conservatism, socialization and conformity, a need to blame others for our misfortunes, and an innate need to perceive the world as fair. Adaptive conservatism is the idea that humans have a predisposition to feel fearful of other races because it has been a useful mechanism for survival throughout time.
Prejudice and discrimination have both been prevalent throughout human history. Prejudice deals with the inflexible and irrational attitudes and opinions that are held by others of one group against those of another. Discrimination on the other hand refers to the behaviors directed against another group. Prejudiced individuals have preconceived beliefs about groups of people or cultural practices. There are both positive and negative forms of prejudice, however, the negative form of prejudice leads to discrimination. Individuals that practice discrimination do so to protect opportunities for themselves, by denying access to those whom they believe do not deserve the same treatment as everyone else. An example of discrimination based on prejudice involves the Jews. “Biased sentiments and negative stereotypes of Jews have been a part of Western tradition for centuries and, in fact, have been stronger and more vicious in Europe than in the United States. For nearly two millennia, European Jews have been chastised and persecuted as the “killers of Christ” and stereotyped as materialistic moneylenders and crafty business owners (Healey, p.65). The prejudice against these groups led to the discrimination against them.