In the current breeding practices, management of the estrous cycle is a common. Breeders want to know when their mare is in one phase or the other and also wants to be able to determine when she will ovulate. Manipulation of the estrous cycle is a practice of breeding management. Manipulation of estrous involves changing the normal cycle through hormone treatments or other methods. Managing and manipulating the estrous cycle allows breeders to have control over the phase the mare is experiencing and the length of time she will be in that phase. Estrus synchronization is the practice of regulating when one or many mares will be in estrus. Breeders can follow certain protocol in order to cause synchronization in the cycle. According to Samper (2009), there are three methods of inducing estrus. These are induction of luteolysis, prevention of estrus using progestins and progesterone with estradiol which allow natural luteolysis to occur and are almost always combined with a treatment for ovulation induction, and follicular ablation. This paper with examine and explore the hormones, methods, doses and protocols used to synchronize estrus in the mare. There are many reasons why breeders may want to synchronize the estrus cycle in a mare. When using cooled or frozen semen for an artificial insemination, synchronization of the estrus cycle can greatly increase the effectiveness of the breeding(s). There is a limited amount of time in which the mare is able to get pregnant, by synchronizing her estrus cycle, her chances of ovulating during that small window of time is greatly increased. Estrus synchronization allows breeders to coordinate several different mares’ ovulations in order to prepare them for embryo or oocyte tr... ... middle of paper ... ...ryland Heights, MO: Mosby, Inc. French, A. C., Thompson, A. L., Davis, B. G. (2009) High-purity discrete PEG-oligomer crystals allow insight. Angew. Chem. International Edition, Vol 48, Issue 7, page 1248. Retrieved 04/04/14 from http://users.ox.ac.uk/~dplb0149/publication/pub108.pdf. McKinnon, A. O., Voss, J. L. (2005). Equine reproduction. Ames, IA: Blackwell Publishing Samper, J. C. (2000). Equine breeding management and artificial insemination. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company Samper, J. C. (2009). Equine breeding management and artificial insemination (2nd ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Health Sciences Squires, E. L. PhD (2008). Hormonal Manipulation of the Mare: A Review. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, Vol 28, No 11, pages 627-634. Retrieved 02/20/14 from http://wb.fvet.uba.ar/equinos/8313/review.PDF .fvet.uba.ar/equinos/8313/review.PDF
The drug Premarin, a drug used to relieve symptoms of menopause in women, is made by harvesting the urine of pregnant horses. Premarin Farms, which are called PMU farms for short, are the site where this takes place. The mares are hooked up to rig that collects their urine throughout most of their pregnancy, which leaves them practically immobile. PMU farmers collect several different equine conjugated hormones found in the pregnant mares’ urine to make Premarin, which includes drugs such as Prempro, Premphase, Premelle, and Prempac. Some farms treat their horses with the upmost respect, and give them the proper vet care and food that they need, while on other farms, the horses are not quite that lucky. There have been allegations of the abuse of horses on these PMU farms for years, yet most farms haven’t been forced to change their horrible ways.
However, this approach has many challenges for which solutions have been elusive to date. Ideally, methods for contraception of wild horses should be safe and reversible, effective for several years, practical to administer and be of a reasonable cost and whilst having minimal effect on reproductive and/or harem behavior. This ensures the methods that are used to control the reproductive cycle are considered to be humane and ethical.
One aspect of control that is touched upon from the beginning of the novel until the end is the control of the population birth and growth. As a way to maintain the society’s motto of “Community, Identity and Stability,” the number of inhabitants is managed through the artificiality of the brave new world’s use of technology. In the first chapter of the novel, the reader is introduced to the process of creating humans in this Utopia. The advancement of science made it possible for the building of an artificial arrangement with the reproductive glands and equipment needed for fertilizing and hatching the resulting eggs. The fact that machines do what is done by human reproductive systems shows how science has dominated over man in this world.
For many years, infertile couples have had difficulty facing the reality that they can not have children. According to Nidus Information Services Incorporated, 6.2 million women in the United States are infertile. This problem leads to many options. A few options have been used for a long period of time: the couple could adopt a child or keep trying to have a child themselves. For those couples that want to have their own children, there are new options arising. In vetro fertilization is an option that gives couples the chance to have a doctor combine the male's sperm and the woman's eggs in a petri dish and implant them into the woman's womb after the artificial conception. This may result in multiple pregnancies - more than five in some cases. This does not only occur in implantation, however. Many times the patient's doctor will ask her to consider selective reduction: aborting a few fetuses to save the ones she can. In a case of multiple pregnancy, selective reduction should be considered an option.
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) is a complex series of procedures used to help those who want children but struggle with infertility. The process consists of extracting eggs from a woman and collecting a man’s sperm sample then manually combining them in a lab dish. Once the embryo(s) are created they are transferred to a woman’s uterus. IVF is commonly used in woman who cannot conceive on their own due to different reasonings. “These include but are not limited to blocked or damaged fallopian tubes, male factor infertility, woman with ovulation disorders, genetic disorders, woman who have had their fallopian tubes removed and unexplained infertility.” (American Pregnancy)
Soranus still did not list all the contraceptives that were found in the Middle Ages. Others included herbs and complex ideas. One complex idea was that “a woman should carry the heart of a hare as an amulette with her,” to prevent a pregnancy. Some of the herbs that were commonly used as emmenagogues and abortifacients were “beaten wormwood, pennyroyal, century plant, thyme, rue” and others. One of the more common emmenagogues was rue, a perennial herb that grows to three feet tall and has a bluish green flower. Another more common abortifacient was Artemisia which is a species of wormwood. Artemisia was said to “protect from the pangs of childbirth.” It was never stated whether it prevented or terminated a pregnancy.
An assessment of adequate energy intake can be established by evaluating body condition. Deficient diets result in weight loss in the horse. Alternate causes of weight loss are internal parasites and disease. Excess energy intake wall cause obisity which stresses joints and reduces athletic ability. (arg.gov.sk.ca) A horse in moderate physical condition is described as “Back level. Ribs cannot be visually distinguished but can be easily felt. Fat around tailhead beginning to feel spongy. Withers appear rounded over spinous processes. Shoulders and neck blend smoothly into body.” (Henneke et al., 1981)
Fact 3- The females usually give birth to a single foal between April and June. The gestation(pregnancy) is 330-340.
For activists concerned about the safety of PZP, in the studies done by Fitzpatrick, it was found that PZP in wild horses had no permanent or negative effects on wild horses- the same studies were done on pregnant mares. PZP had proven more positive effects on the condition of the horses, for example, there was increased body condition in the horses, as well as increased longevity. Compared between foals from treated and untreated horses, the foals of treated horses were found to develop better body conditions than their untreated counterparts.
Seahorses start their mating rituals by changing colors and wrapping around each other and sea grass to strengthen their bonds. In seahorse mating, the male and female try to align themselves in a way so the woman can transfer the eggs to the male. This one task can take hours to accomplish. The amount of young
Now a days there are several different methods of birth control. The first that I am going to talk about is called the rhythm method. As its synonym implies, this method is based on the assumption that, for each women, there is a rhythmic pattern of menstruation and ovulation that can be identified by keeping a careful record of the dates of menstruation. A second assumption is that
These options include the patch, the ring, and the shot. The shot, of the hormone progestin, is applied in the arm or buttock every 12 weeks to, prevent release of egg or, prevent fertilized egg from implanting in uterus. A thin plastic patch placed on the skin of the buttocks, stomach, upper outer arm, or upper torso once a week for three weeks in a row. The ring is a small, flexible hoop inserted deep into the vagina for three weeks in a row and taken out the fourth week. The Ring protects against pregnancy by releasing estrogen and progestin.
Biomedical Research | Animal Use Research. N.p., n.d. Web. The Web. The Web. 19 Apr. 2014.
The high summer temperatures is a major cause of poor quality semen formation in bulls and reduces sexual activities, as well as th...