INTRODUCTION
Transportation is the life line of any country and road sector is a major stakeholder contributing to the economic growth. According to National Highway Authority of India (NHAI), Indian road network consist of 33 lakh Km. and is the second largest in the world. Industrial waste by-products viz. Coal ash, Steel slag, Zinc slag, Jarofix etc. in road construction has gained widespread acceptance in India and abroad. This is due to widespread infrastructure development and depletion of natural resources viz. Soil and Aggregate and its impact on the environment. Though literature review indicates its utilization potential as an embankment fill material, its applicability in granular and bituminous layers needs in-depth research both at laboratory and field level. Considering the economic and environmental aspects, such industrial by-products can be investigated for its feasibility as a replacement of fine aggregate in sub-base and base layer of road pavement. In the wake of depletion of natural available resources, MORTH (Ministry of Road Transport and Highways), IRC (Indian roads Congress) have strongly recommended to search and use alternative and local materials for road construction. Such locally available material and alternative material can be stabilised with stabilizers like Cement, Lime etc and after detailed laboratory study, it can be used in base and sub-base layer of pavement section.
These cement stabilised material are characterized by its stiffness property and its tensile strength. AUSTROADS (2008), NCHRP (2004) recommends Mechanistic-Empirical (M-E) approach in which material is characterized by its resilient stiffness modulus and thickness design by cumulative damage analysis using fatigue life analysi...
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... cement stabilised recycle crushed concrete at frequency of 2 Hz, 5Hz,8Hz and 13.3 Hz and concluded that resilient stiffness modulus is independent of frequency in applied frequency range.
Fig.25 Set-up for Resilient Modulus testing of material
Table9. Table for Resilient Modulus (MPa) value for different cement content and curing period
Cement content (%) 3% 6% 9%
Curing Period(days) MEAN S.D %Cv MEAN S.D % Cv MEAN S.D %Cv
7 Day Curing …….
…….
……. ..…
……
…… ……
……
…… 3171
3208
3259 136.12
129.9
142.33 ……
…...
…… …...
…...
…...
14 Day Curing 1857
1791
1836 43.82
43.56
29 4089
3967
…… 88.66
62.99
…… 6276
6299
…… 80.58
89.60
……
21 Day Curing 1903
1944
1907 51.7
41.84
76.93 4987
4728
4688 96.61
121.43
103.51 7564
7349
7513 113
161.05
186.14
28 Day Curing 2304
2241
2242 180.8
130.71
85.72 6854
6970
….. 89.57
89.34
…… 8677
8571
8653 50.15
86.71
56.40
This report was made to show how Action Modular can increase their profits and make them more marketable. The trucking industry is an industry that has and will be around for a long time. As long as there are manufacturers and consumers requiring their freight to be moved, there will be a need for trucks. If the marketing trend is monitored regularly by putting the right people in place and being proactive regarding the equipment and freight rates. Action Modular will be highly marketable and can yield more in revenue versus decreasing the revenue by utilizing outside carrier.
On October 22 at 7:30pm in Williams Hall, I watched a film by Marta Cunningham called “Valenetine Road”. The film was about a murder that occurred on February 12, 2008 in Oxnard, California, were either-grader Brandon Mclnerney shot an openly gay classmate Larry King. Although what seemed like an open and shut case, the trial took over three years before the judge and jury was able to deliberate a decision. Coupled with the abnormality of a juvenile murderer and extenuating trail time, the case garnered countless media appearances that choose to depict the case one sided. However, through the film, the background information proved to be vital because the film choose to present both sides of the story persuasively and effectively. This allows
‘Confront scourge of sexual abuse, stand up for children, Inuit leaders demand ‘, is an article written by Kristy Kirkup, who reports the impact on indigenous people of Canada due to the disregard and lack of respect from the government for years. Indian residential school systems are disastrous mistakes that wreaked havoc on Canada’s Aboriginal groups. It later, lead to the tragedy that many aboriginal parents do not know how to treat their children in a good way. Abuse, including physical, sexual, emotional, is one of most serious and common issues that still affects several aboriginal communities. Indigenous leaders and victims told The Canadian Press the level of abuse in some communities is shockingly high, although there is limited data that indicate exactly how pervasive the problem is across the country. Sexual abuse had gone through residential schools over several generations. The cycle abuse is continuing to infect subsequent generations in recent years. Prominent Inuit politicians are urging Canada’s leaders who recognize the importance of the
Do you ever feel like you are waiting at a red light in your car for what seems like forever? Well, that’s because “ The average person throughout their lifetime spends five years waiting in lines and queues where roughly six months of that is waiting at traffic lights”(How). Cities and towns have faced a transportation problem and they are looking for ways to tackle the issue. Transportation is a big part of one’s everyday life, and it is impossible to avoid it. Transportation plays a crucial role in the way we travel to things like school and work. Humans need transportation to get from place A to place B. There are different kinds of transportation, but the most common one in modern society is automobiles. Although transportation of automobiles is a quick way of traveling at the moment. Automobiles bring issues like health problems, air pollution, and high expenses. This is because humans always manage to take the easy way out without looking at the long-term effects that come with automobiles.
ement occupies approximately 50% of the mixed concrete volume and is responsible for physiomechanical properties of concrete. Cement production is essential to infrastructure and building construction, creating demands in very large quantities. Energy resources invested in the production process and resulting greenhouse gas emissions have become problematic. The cement production process has become among the world’s largest anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide emissions, contributing to approximately 5% of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions, (WBCSD, 2009). Increased pressure is being placed on the industry to reduce CO2 emissions, owning to awareness regarding sustainability....
2) While many High Performance Concretes exhibits rapid stiffening and early strength gain, other’s may have long set times and low early strengths.
[17] BS 4550-3.4:1978. Methods of testing cement, Physical tests, Strength tests. British Standards Institution ; 2007.
Concrete is one of the world’s most popular construction materials. Some six billion tonnes of concrete is produced each year in the world, making it approximately one ton of concrete for every human being per year (Fardis, 2012, p.116). However, the lifecycle of concrete does not make it the most sustainable building material at the moment. Because of limited natural resources, concerns over green house gases, and landfill problems, concrete production is being cut-back, or at least cannot be increased to keep up with population increase. In this essay, I will look at what makes concrete an unsustainable material and possible solutions to make concrete a more sustainable material.
Now a days HPC is expensive than conventional concrete. It require additional materials in some quantities as to meet specified performance.These additional materials are cement,silica fume,...
Reinforced concrete is stronger than basic concrete. Steel reinforcing bars known as rebar is incorporated in the concrete structure to act together in resisting the force. The steel reinforcing bars absorbs tensile and compression because plain conc...
Most people may not realise but concrete plays a vital part in our lives daily. It shapes and creates the built environment in which we are surrounded by, such as schools, bridges, roads, housing, hospitals, dams and so much mores. Concrete is the most used man made material in the world, averaging around 3 tonnes annually for each person. In comparison with other building materials such as wood, steel, plastic and aluminium, over twice as much concrete is used globally than any of these materials. It is the material choice of most purposes due to its strength, durability, thermal mass and its cost.
Cement is a finely ground compound of limestone and clay or marl (Chandigarh, 2001). It is used in hydraulic binding since it hardens and binds together aggregates and becomes waterproof thereafter. The most popular use of sand is in building and construction where it is used to bind sand and gravel to obtain concrete used in constructing houses, roads, water channels, among others. Yanbu Cement company produces different types of cement such as Portland cement types I, II, III and IV.
Safety in every aspect of my life is very important. From the moment we step out of our homes we take safety measures such as locking all doors to keep thieves out and or ensuring the stove and any electronics are off to avoid any fire. In this essay I will discuss different safety topics that we encounter on daily basis.
The development of urban transportation has not changed with the cities; cities have changed with transportation. This chapter offers an insight into the Past and the future of Urban transportation and is split up into a number of different sections. It includes a timeline of the different forms of transport innovations, starting from the earliest stages of urban transport, dating back to the omnibus (the first type of urban transportation) and working in a chronological order until eventually reaching the automobile. However, these changes in Urban transport did not happen for no reason. Different factors within society meant urban transport needed to evolve; points will be made on why society needed this evolution. In contrast I will observe the problems urban transport has caused in society as a result of its rapid progression. Taking account of both arguments for the evolution of urban transport, I will look at where it will go in the future.
In today's society we can't imagine our infrastructures without the help of civil engineers. It all started with the ancient civilizations. It started off with the Egyptians and the Mayans. In this essay I will discuss the history of civil engineering ,famous engineers and the prospects of engineering in the future years.