PORTLAND CEMENT Chemical composition. Portland Cement is made up of four main compounds: tricalcium silicate (3CaOSiO2), dicalcium silicate (2CaOSiO2), tricalcium aluminate (3CaOAl2O3), and a tetra-calcium aluminoferrite (4CaO Al2O3Fe2O3). In an abbreviated notation differing from the normal atomic symbols, these compounds are designated as C3S, C2S, C3A, and C4AF, where C stands for calcium oxide (lime), S for silica, A for alumina, and F for iron oxide. Small amounts of uncombined lime and magnesia
Ordinary Portland cement (C 53 grade) conforming to the requirements of IS 12269 (ASTM C 150-85A) was used in the study. Natural river sand was used as fine aggregate and crushed angular granite stone was used as coarse aggregate. Coarse aggregate with combined grading of 50% passing through 20mm sieve and retained on 12.5mm and 50% passing through 12.5mm and retained on 4.75mm sieve conforming to IRC 44 was adopted. The bulk specific gravities of the coarse aggregate and fine aggregate were 2
percentage of quarry dust as a replacement of sand will decreasing the water absorption. By this research, it reveals that the quarry dust will increasing the strength of the brick. 2.6.4 Kenaf Fiber 2.6.5 Water Water used in concrete, in addition with cement and thus causing it to set and harden, also facilities mixing, placing and compaction of the fresh concrete. In general water fit for drinking such as tap water, is acceptable for mixing concrete.
manufacturer of cement and ready mixed concrete with a countrywide network of factories and sales offices. It is amongst the first companies in India to include environmental protection as a corporate commitment. It has been considered as a pioneer and leader in cement and concrete know-how, winning awards for best practices in environment management and for demonstrating good corporate citizenship. The quality of ACC’s products and customer centric services make it the most preferred cement brand in the
Principles of Construction Incomplete Work 1) FLUE - The flue is the void or passageway through which the products of combustion are removed from the fire to the outside. 2) CHIMNEY - A chimney is the structure surrounding one or more separate flues. 3) FLUE PIPE - A flue pipe is a single skin metal pipe used to connect a fire or appliance to a chimney. 4) FLUE LINER - The flue liner is the material used to form the flue within the chimney. Flue liners can be of fire clay
The Wave, Muscat is one of complete and comfortably community available in Middle East and considered lifestyle destination in the new heart of Muscat. And, it has been development designs and construction practices lend themselves to creating an eco-friendly sustainable community. Also, it combines a unique public-private venture between the Government of the Sultanate of Oman and the UAE-based Majid Al Futtaim Properties. It stared sells the real state and apartment for customers in 2006. The project
to the corrosion of the reinforcing steel and a subsequent reduction in strength serviceability and the aesthetics values of the structure. This may lead to preliminary repair or replacement of the structure. Previous study about the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), High Performance Concrete (HPC), And Ultra High Performance Concrete(UHPC) there are different result about the penetration of chloride ions to the specimen. This because, the reinforced concrete are exposed to harsh environment yet often
substance on earth, only superseded by water, with three tons for each person used annually” (World). This huge demand for concrete makes the cement industry one of the world's largest carbon dioxide producers, accounting for about five percent of all man-made pollution. “Approximately one ton of carbon dioxide is put into the atmosphere for every ton of cement used” (World). The cause for this problem is the increase of the global population and the increasing demand for land and energy. It's effect
Introduction Concrete is most widely used material for various applications in this world. India is second largest producer of concrete in world. As this is used in various applications its base properties which are obtained by preparing concrete with required raw materials must be enhanced by adding some other material to it. There comes the role of admixtures by which one can extract required property from concrete. There are various two basic classifications of admixtures. Chemical and Mineral
Basement construction Types of Basements The type of basement I have chosen for this design is an in ground basement because I think it is best suited and will create so much room underneath the building. The ground that the two storey basement building is located on is water logged so the foundations will have to be able to take the whole weight of the building without any future movement from the soil, so I have decided to use secant piles because I think they are the most suitable for this type
In the most general sense of the word, a concrete is a substance that solidifies to act as glue. Romans were the first to use “modern cement “for purposes of masonry made of crushed stone with vivid lime as binder. They named this substance “caementicium opus “which was later referred to as cement, cimentim , cäment and cement. Cement is mainly used in construction. It is a gray powdery substance burnt lime and clay, mixed with water and sand to make mortar (a paste used to bind the building blocks
together with lime to produce hydraulic cements, whereas today natural or artificial pozzolans are usually used together with portland cement. The hydration of the calcium silicate compounds, C3S (or alite) and C2S (or belite), in portland cement produces abundant calcium hydroxide through the reactions represented by following equations (see Table.1 for cement chemistry nomenclature). 2C3S + 11H → C3S2H8 + 3CH 2C2S + 9H → C3S2H8 + CH Table 1. Cement Chemistry Nomenclature Abbreviation Formula
Mine Faculty at the University of Arizona, cement is manufactured primarily from suitable limestone and shale rocks. Arizona had two dry-process cement plants in 1969, namely the Arizona Portland Cement Company plant in Pima County, near Tucson, and the American Cement Corporation plant at Clarkdale, in Yavapai County (52-53). The use of cementing materials goes back to the ancient Egyptians and Romans, but the invention of modern portland cement is usually attributed to Joseph Aspdin, a builder
works. 2.2.1.6 Hydrophobic Cement Hydrophobic cement is manufactured by adding water repellant chemicals to ordinary Portland cement in the process of grinding. Hence the cement stored does not spoiled even during monsoon. This cement is claimed to remain unaffected when transported during rains also. Hydrophobic cement is mainly used for the construction of water structures such dams, water tanks, spillways, water retaining structures etc. 2.2.1.7 Colored Cement This Cement is produced by adding 5-
Mechanical Properties of colored concrete 2.6.1 Fresh properties of colored concrete A) Fluidity of cement mortar Hyun-SooLeea, et al. studied effects of inorganic pigments on the fluidity of cement mortar. The most commonly used in concrete products two types of pigment were used: The first was a Korean product pigment (A) and the second was a German product pigment (Z). The main ingredient of red, yellow, and black pigments is iron oxide (Fe2O3) and that of the green pigment is chrome oxide (Cr2O3)
MATERIALS 3.1.1 Cement: Ordinary Portland cement available in local market of standard brand was used in the investigation. Care has been taken to see that the procurement made from a single batch and is stored in airtight containers to prevent it is being affected by atmospheric, monsoon moisture and humidity. The Cement is tested for its various proportions as per IS 4031-1988. The specific gravity was 3.10 and fineness was 3200 m2/Kg. The details are given in Table 4.1.1. The cement confirms to 53
How building codes have changed over the years A building code is a set of rules that specify minimum standards for constructed objects such as buildings and non-building structures. Building codes are generally applied by Architects, Engineers, Constructors, and Regulators. Building codes are also used for various purposes by safety inspectors, environmental scientists, real estate developers, subcontractors, manufactures of building products and materials, insurance companies, facility managers
ABSTRACT Concrete is a composite material composed mainly of water, aggregate, and cement. The desired physical properties of the finished material can be achieved by including additives and reinforcements in the mixture. Generally, fibers used in concrete are to control cracks, shrinkage and to reduce permeability. Fibers also show excellent resistance towards impact and abrasion. SIFCON (slurry infiltrated fiber reinforced concrete) is one of the recently developed construction material. It is
well. Cementing is completed by pumping cement down through the casing then back up the annulus between the casing and formation creating a hydraulic barrier between the casing and the formation in addition to protecting and supporting the casing. During latter times in a wells life cementing can also be conducted order to plug zones or entire wells that are no longer producing [1]. Most all cements used in the oil field are Portland cements. This dry cement is created by mixing raw materials that
studied the properties of pigment dyed concrete interlocking blocks (CIBs). The coloring agents used were synthetic iron oxide pigment and brown iron oxides there were produced from steel manufacturing. Ordinary Portland cement, sand, stone dust and pigment are used to manufacture CIBs. The used iron oxides consisted of brown iron oxide (A) and iron oxide pigment (B). Pigment A, and Pigment B had very little difference in flexural strength. When combining Pigments A