7 INTRODUCTION 7.1 Introduction about laminates Lamination is the technique of manufacturing a material in multiple layers, so that the composite material achieves improved strength, stability, sound insulation, appearance or other properties from the use of differing materials. A laminate is usually permanently assembled by heat, pressure, welding or adhesives. Laminates is manufactured product that simulates the look of hardwood, ceramic tile, natural stone and many other types of flooring. In the past laminate floors have been easy to spot, but today technology allows manufactures to create realistic visuals and texuters for an elegant and quality floor. Application of laminates :- Decorative high pressure laminates are Usually used for furniture tops especially on the flat surfaces, Including cabinets and table. Decorative compact laminates are constructed as toilet cubicle systems, laboratory tables and kitchen tops. Types of Laminates In this article are going to take a look at the …show more content…
The brown paper which forms the base is soaked in phenol formaldehyde, while the other two papers are soaked in melamine resin. The soaked papers after drying become hard and brittle. These papers are then pressed and bonded together under high pressure and temperature. Depending on the amount of pressure used in the bonding process, laminates can be classified as HPL (High Pressure Laminates) or LPL (Low Pressure Laminates). High pressure laminates (HPL) such as those manufactured under the brand names of Sunmica or Formica, are hard decorative sheets that are commonly fixed by carpenters over plywood while making the furniture. In the case of Low Pressure Laminates (LPL) only the decorative paper is soaked in Melamine resin, and the laminated paper is then directly bonded to Particle Boards or Fiber Boards (MDF and
The papermaking process begins with pulp. Pulp is cellulosic fibrous material extracted from cellulosic fiber from wood. Glatfelter uses the Kraft Process to make both hardwood and softwood pulps. Hardwood pulps are taken from oaks, beeches, poplars, birches and eucalyptus tress. They have short fibre of average length of 1 millimeter. The primary purpose of hardwoods is for the paper to achieve bulkiness, smoothness and opacity. Softwood on the other hand is taken from pine and spruce with long fibre averaging 3 millimeters, it provides addition strength to paper. Both softwood and hardwood are produce independently of each other and are mixed end at desire ratio in the paper plant. The process starts from wood chips. Trees are chipped to make wood chips from half an inch to an inch long and up to two fifth inches thick. The chips are feed into a digester, which with cooking liquor would create a chemical reaction, which delignificate the wood. The cooking liquor is composed of white and black liquor. White liquor is composed of mainly sodium hy...
-creates a strong surface and can be used as a thin layer for glazes or a thick layers for impasto
Anti-slip tape is the easiest solution to slippery stairs or even slippery floors, the options are endless when it comes to anti-slip simply place it on each person step and you now have a safer set of stairs that will allow you to walk up and down them without fear of falling down the stairs.
Most of the necessities humans need are provided in supermarkets, in fact supermarkets have become a necessity for our everyday life. They are now the main source of water, food, clothes and everyday tools. Therefore, the plastic bags demanded and supplied in this industry increase every day. In the past decade, we produced as much plastic as we did in the whole twentieth century (Freinkel, 2011). This exponential increase of a non-biodegradable material has negatively impacted our environment immensely. Plastic production requires our dwindling fossil fuel resources, robs away animal lives, litters our beautiful landscapes and even affects our very own well-being. Hence, if plastic production doesn’t diminish immediately, we will suffer great
Carpenters possess many great skills such as good business skills, detail oriented, manual dexterity, math skills, physical stamina and strength, and problem solving skills. Carpentry is a very detailed job depending on the project. For example, building structures like buildings are more detail oriented than maybe constructing a shelf, desk, bed or podium. With that being said, carpentry involves a variety of tools. Carpenters are the second largest group of workers in the building trade, with 1.3 million carpenters in the United States alone. There are many different types of carpenters such as residential, commercial, industrial, and rough and finish. (Encyclopedia. 481-485)
|Business |The Home Depot, Inc. is the world's largest home improvement retailer. The company incorporated in 1978 in |
Dental materials are used for a variety of reasons. The basic reason for using dental materials is to restore the tooth back to its original anatomy. Some materials are used more than others but it depends on their characteristics. Composite resin is a type of dental material. Some dental materials do not have the esthetic characteristic that composite resin has. That is why sometimes, it is more favorable than other dental materials. It is one of the most common dental materials that are used to restore a tooth back to its natural appearance.
The P-Tex layer is named after the company that patented the material used for the layer. It is a special type of polyethylene plastic that allows the board to have a minimal friction coefficient when sliding down snow-covered ground, creating a "slippery" feeling. This plastic was designed to absorb wax for conditioning and extended life.
chains instead of hydrogen atoms. Cross-linking is another way in which the polymer can be made stronger. This involves ultraviolet radiation that bombards the polymer with electrons and formulates bonds between the molecular chains of the polymers. This is like linear polyethylene but different in that it is more impact resistant, and it has a much higher density. This allows it to be stored or be used with different chemicals that would normally cause the polymer to desolve.3 This can start to become a problem because as the polymer continues to become chemically enhanced. So the ways of dissolving and recycling the polymer become more difficult.
The basic process of making paper has not changed in more than 2000 years. It involves two stages: the breaking up of raw materials in water to make a suspension of individual fibbers and the formation of felted sheets by spreading this suspension on a porous surface, to drain excess water. The essential steps of papermaking by machine are identical with those of hand papermaking just much more complex. The first step in machine papermaking is the preparation of the raw material. For centuries, the main raw materials used in papermaking were cotton and linen fibbers obtained from rags. Today more than 95 percent of paper is made from wood cellulose. Wood is used mainly for the cheapest grades of paper, such as newsprint. Cotton and linen fibbers are still used for high quality writing and artist’s papers. Many kinds of wood can be used such as aspen, beach, birch fir, gum, hemlock, oak, pine, and spruce.
Much like an inkjet printer, a 3D printer “prints” a set of plans on a computer by using “additive manufacturing.” The additive manufacturing process builds objects layer-by-layer rather than through molding or subtractive techniques (such as machining) (McKinsey Global Institute, 2012). Additive manufacturing is attractive for producing items that are hard to find or when only a few like items are needed because the cost of production remains the same whether someone prints one or many, or if the item is old or new.
Human beings are susceptible to the force of nature. They had to make shelter for themselves. Material was one of the most basic tools to create shelter. By development of building construction, selection and use of materials also developed. The relationship between the architecture and the materials before invention of modern materials was simple and generally naturally [1]; in the past, architects always use tradition materials according their experimental skills. For choosing structural materials, they had attention to important factors such as availability (local materials) and harmony with climate and culture [2], although this way was forward with feedback. But this relationship was not continuing simply.
Woodworking, a form of carpentry, has been around for centuries and overtime developed into a more modern art. Today people will mostly see woodwork in homes in the form of furniture and decorations, or even smaller things such as family heirlooms passed down by generations and simple crafts made by younger generations. The skill of woodworking, however, is not inherited but takes practice and years of experience to fully master. Even experienced woodworkers run into challenges sometimes. The key is to overcome that obstacle and find different ways to create something new from a piece of wood. It is interesting to see and go through the process in which a woodworker goes through
Metals possess many unique fundamental properties that make them an ideal material for use in a diverse range of applications. Many common place things know today are made from metals; bridges, utensils, vehicles of all modes of transport, contain some form of metal or metallic compound. Properties such as high tensile strength, high fracture toughness, malleability and availability are just some of the many advantages associated with metals. Metals, accompanied by their many compounds and alloys, similar properties, high and low corrosion levels, and affects, whether negative or positive, are a grand force to be reckoned with.
In today's society we can't imagine our infrastructures without the help of civil engineers. It all started with the ancient civilizations. It started off with the Egyptians and the Mayans. In this essay I will discuss the history of civil engineering ,famous engineers and the prospects of engineering in the future years.