Gallbladder Disease: Gallstones and Cholecystitis
The gallbladder is a small organ that is located under the liver. The purpose of the gallbladder is to store bile and bile is a fluid made by the liver that helps digest fat. The gallbladder releases bile through a tube called the common bile duct. The common bile duct connects the gallbladder and liver to the small intestine. There are several conditions that can affect the gallbladder. This is called “gallbladder disease”, the term refers to any condition that affects the gallbladder. Gallstones and Cholecystitis, are two conditions that affect the gallbladder.
Gallstones, is the most common condition that affects the gallbladder. Gallstones are solid particles that form in the gallbladder. The size of gallstone can vary. Gallstones can be the as small as a grain of salt or as big as a golf ball. The gallbladder can form hundreds of tiny stones, or sometimes small and large
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If these treatments are ineffective then surgery is recommended. The gall bladder is very helpful but it is possible to live without it. Bile will still be secreted from the liver but will go straight to the small intestine.
A procedure called “Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy” is done and this means that the gallbladder is removed. During this procedure, the patient is put under general anesthesia so that they are asleep. A few incisions are made in the abdomen, including the belly button. The surgeon uses a narrow tube called a cannula to enter through the belly button and a tiny telescope called a laparoscope connected a camera is inserted through the cannula so that the surgeon can see the organs better. Then other cannulas are inserted to help the surgeon separate the gallbladder and then it is removed through one of the
The gallbladder according to Dorland’s Medical Dictionary is ‘the pear shaped reservoir for the bile on the posteroinferior surface of the liver, between the right and the left quadrate lobe, from its neck the cystic duct projects to join the common bile duct’. The function of the gallbladder in the human body is to solve and concentrate bile, which is produced by the liver and is necessary for proper digestion of fats.
The first laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) using keyhole approach was done by Professor Mouret of Lyon, France in 1987, when he was completing a gynecologic laparoscopy on a woman also suffering from symptomatic gall stones, he removed it laparoscopically instead of opening up. Dr. Eddie Reddick reported 100 cases of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in 1989. The classical four port technique of LC as described by Reddick became the most widely adopted technique.
One or more gallstones erode into the gastrointestinal tract, creating a cholecystenteric fistula, most commonly between the gallbladder and the duodenum. Gallstones less than 2 to 2.5 cm generally pass into the intestine without causing obstruction while stones 5 cm or larger are more likely to impact usually at the distal ileum, the narrowest part of the small bowel. Other reported sites of impaction include proximal ileum, jejunem, colon, and rarely the duodenum or stomach (bouveret’s syndrome). [11] In our case, a large, approximately 5 cm, gallstone was found impacted at the jejunum while a smaller stone was found impacted at a Meckel’s
The laparoscope was inserted and the remaining ports were placed visualizing their placement with a laparoscope. An 11 mm port was placed in the subxiphoid location, and two 5 mm ports were placed laterally under the right subcostal (rib) margin. The gallbladder was identified. It was edematous, acutely inflamed. It was grasped with the fundus and retracted in a (cephalad) direction. There were no omental adhesions adherent to the gallbladder that were taken down sharply. The neck was then grasped along the lateral most ports and retracted in a lateral direction. The cone bile duct was identified and care taken to avoid injury to this structure. The cystic artery and cystic duct were identified, mobilized, doubly ligated with endoclips and then divided. The gallbladder was dissected free from the liver with the electrocautery. The specimen was placed in an (Endo Catch) (sac), and was removed through the umbilical incision with no difficulty. The Hassan trocar was reinserted into the abdomen, reinflated the suprahepatic lymphatic space was irrigated copiously with normal saline. Adequate hemostasis was obtained in the gallbladder fossa with the electrocautery. The 360 degree
Kidney stones, a very common urinary tract disorder that is now really rampant in humans especially. Some causes of kidney stones are still being argued from whether it is due to what is consumed or having a history in the family. There are some common kidney stones which are phosphate, oxalate and calcium. This kidney stones may vary in sizes, in other words if the kidney stones in one that is small then there is a less tendency to notice. Although, most people would notice when they starting filling pains that feel like cramps on the back and the side in area around the kidney or lower abdomen. Due to the blockage of urine by the insoluble salt this causing more concentrated urine.
A kidney stone is a solid substance that forms inside the kidney due to elevated levels of particular substances that are present in the urine. When they remain in the urine they usually cause no harm, although when this stone remains in the kidney or the kidney tract, it may become painful and dangerous. These stones are usually brown or yellow and can be all different sizes and shapes , from the size of a grain of rice, or as large as golf ball; being very smooth or rugged.
...stive tract. Surgery becomes an option when the medication does not control the symptoms anymore and become ineffective. The procedure includes removal of the affected areas of the bowel and then joining the two ends of the healthy parts together. Sadly while this procedure may cause the symptoms to disappear for many years, they will eventually reoccur later on in life.
Ulcerative colitis progresses from the rectum and moves proximally. Distal disease refers to inflammation that is limited to the rectum (proctitis) or rectum and sigmoid colon. Here it is referred to as proctosigmioditis. If the disease is more extensive it includes the left side of the colon and can cover the splenic flexure. This occurs in 40% of patients. Extensive colitis occurs up to the hepatic flexure. Pan colitis affects the whole of the colon and this can affect up to 20% of patients. Some patients with pan colitis have involvement of the terminal ileum, this is caused by an incompetent ileocaecal valve.
The gallbladder is not a vital organ. Gallstones range in size from as small as a grain of sand to as big as a golf ball, range from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter. Gallstones may also be soft, smooth, or even jagged, due to the development of cholesterol and pigments in bile that sometimes form hard particles (Balentine). Bile is a fluid produced by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, it passes through the common bile duct into the duodenum where it helps digest fat. Bile is made of cholesterol, bile salts, and the pigment bilirubin. Gallstone disease is the most common gastrointestinal disorder of adult life (Heuman "Gallstones (Cholelithiasis) "). There are two types of gallstones that can form in the gallbladder: Cholesterol and Pigment Gallstones. Cholesterol Gallstones are the commonly developed stones, they usually appear to have a yellowish color, this is because of the undissolved cholesterol. Pigment Gallstones have a dark brown or black color, these stones only appear when you have too much bilirubin in your
Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis are both in a category of diseases called Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. This is a classification of disease in which inflammation forms in a part of the digestive tract, known as the gastrointestinal tract or GI tract, of the patient. The immune system then treats this area of inflammation as a foreign pathogen and attacks it. The causes of both of these diseases are currently unknown to the medical world.
Many people experience symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome or IBS, but many do not see a doctor to get treatment. This common bowel disorder affects millions of people, and is one of the major causes of disability and absenteeism. Although it is not a serious threat to health, it reduces the quality of life and can lead to depression.
...n, the body is able to regenerate villi and gut physiology and functions should return to normality. However more research is being done on alternative treatments. Enzyme therapy is currently being studied, the treatment relies on enzymes such as gluten-specific endopeptidases and endoprotease reducing the antigenicity of gluten (Zingone, F., et al., 2010). tTg and inhibitors are also being investigated, although several gliadin epitopes have been shown to mount an immune response without being deaminated (Sollid, M.L., 2005). Another method that was under clinical trials depended on desensitising the body to gluten via a course of vaccines gradually increasing the concentration of gluten, (Zingone, F., et al., 2010) however none of the above methods have passed clinical trials so the only common treatment for coeliac disease remains leading a gluten free lifestyle.
In rare cases when a patient does not respond to drug treatment or diet and lifestyle changes, surgery may be necessary. Doctors will remove part or all of the colon in attempt to stop the condition. Surgeries for UC are generally successful but significantly decrease quality of life because the patient has to deal with frequent stools due to the absence of a colon.
The pancreas is one of the essential organs in the human body and belongs in the Digestive system. Out of all the internal organs, the pancreas is unique because the pancreas plays a role in both the endocrine gland and the exocrine gland. This means that the pancreas is a dual function gland in which is the reason why the pancreas is such a vital part of the digestive system. This research paper will talk about the anatomy, physiology, and the important functions the pancreas play to maintain homeostasis.
Gastroenteritis, sometimes referred to as infectious diarrhoea is a common disease that affects millions of people annually. It is a disease caused by viruses, bacteria or parasites that enter the human body and spread, which induce symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain and nausea. Although it is a common occurrence in society and is usually not harmful, cases of gastroenteritis in less developed countries may have more fatal repercussions due to their inability to access ample means of treatment. Over time, as more research was conducted into the disease, scientific developments were made to aid those affected by gastroenteritis and reduce the number of fatalities by educating people regarding preventative methods.