Ganguly, Rajat, and Ray Taras. Understanding Ethnic Conflict: The International Dimension. New York: Longman, 1998. Print.
This book offers interesting insight on the role nationalism plays in the cause of violence ethnic conflict. It does this by looking at the overlapping aspects of nationalism, conflict, social cleavages, and the reaction of the international community. They also take and explain three main approaches to ethnic identities: primordialist, instrumentalist, and constructivist. They then explain how the mobilization and polarizing of groups ultimately led to conflict and the goals of their perspective political movements.
Samarasinghe, V. "‘A Theme Revisited’? the Impact of the Ethnic Conflict on Women and Politics." JOURNAL OF WOMEN POLITICS & POLICY 33.4 (2012): 345-64. Web. 12 Feb. 2014.
This article focuses role and impact ethnic conflicts have on the shaping of a nations ideology towards women of the ethnic majority. It looks at the case of ethnic civil war in Sri Lanka, and more specifically that of Sinhalese women. The research done in this article was primarily conducted through field work and field surveys of educated urban women. The work concludes that the ethnic conflict enforced the areas “ethno-religious identity” as well as creating a space for its inclusion in the nation’s political arena.
Okoye, Festus (ed ). Victims: Impact of Religious and Ethnic Conflicts on Women and Children in Northern Nigeria., 2000. Print. 12 Feb. 2014.
This book looks at how conflict in Nigeria has impacted women and children. It looks at the social, political, and cultural impacts of such violence at entire generations of Nigerian people. It looks at the the potential future impact on the countries development,...
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... challenge the patriarchal hierarchy of society” where women and girls were subordinate to their male counterparts. Therefore, this article reflects on how gender is impact in post-conflict interventions.
Lives Blown Apart: Crimes against Women in Times of Conflict, Stop Violence against Women. London: Amnesty International, International Secretariat, 2004. Print.
This book looks at specific cases of violence and questions not only why these acts happened, but what can be done to prevent further violence. The book maintains that government and media play a role in both creating and ending such atrocities. It explores the ways in which sexual acts of violence impact women and their society at large. The book seeks to explain how the long-lasting impact of such events play an active part in the rebuilding of society, and how this impacts all levels of the culture.
An elemental point made throughout the book is the shift away from the linear and sequential methods for healing transformation and reconciliation to a dynamic and circular process. From their perspective, the linear method is not equipped to handle post-conflict environments where the end of the conflict does not signal the end of violence. As Lederach & Lederach point out with their story of Sierra Leone, the disturbing reality for women is that the sexual debasement and the silencing of their voices increase after a peacekeeping agreement has been made. The ebb and flow of violence found in a multifaceted experience of protracted violence requires a process that can correspond to a f...
In this essay, I will discuss both the cultural factors in divided nations encountered in the book “The Violence Within: Cultural and Political Opposition in Divided Nations”, edited by Kay B. Warren, and the methods by which the contributors to this volume have collected their data. The broad array of conflict and opposition encountered in the book are inclusive to countries such as Northern Ireland, Israel, Egypt, Iran, South Africa, The Philippines, Guatemala, and Brazil. A variety of authors have lent their interpretations and experiences in and of these cultures. The methods of data collection are wide ranging, including participant observation, representative, and the accounts of professionals in the same or similar fields. First, I will describe the cultural factors contributing to unrest in each of these nations, and then the methods by which the authors have collected their research material.
Jerry Muller’s "Us and them: The enduring power of ethnic nationalism" Foreign Affairs was an interesting article. But it lacked simplicity in the fact it repeated too much of the same idea over and over, now I get the idea is to prove the point of his theory that the more similar the population’s ethnicities are alike the less likely they are to fight. It went on for several long pages of the idea that ethnic nationalism wasn’t the destructive force, it was the cause a result of it, a way of forming borders. Which isn’t wrong it’s like the way of looking at guns, Guns don’t kill people, People with guns kill people. So it is looking at ethnic nationalism like, people with different Ethics don’t harm/kill people, People who come in contact and live around people with different ethic kill people, with a class example of Jerusalem with war of fighting over that piece of land spanning centuries, because two ethnic groups have contested claims on the Holy land, and both are willing to take fight for their religious land of the holy (Muller, 5). Now it doesn’t discuss religion in that sense the author just uses this case to solidify his point to make is even more concrete that, If a group of ethnically similar people are together, things will be goo...
Campbell’s work National Deconstruction: Violence, Identity and Justice in Bosnia is effective in bringing to the readers’ attention a different way of thinking about violence and identity in Bosnia. However, a few flaws in his methodology have been noted. Furthermore, while the possibility of a multi-ethnic solution is an interesting one, and deserves further academic discourse, the reality may not match up to his thinking, for example other issues in the former Yugoslavia, including the Kosovan separatist movement, could be seen to cast doubt on the effectiveness of large multi-ethnic states with pockets of different ethnic majorities.
Cockburn, C 2013, 'War and security, women and gender: an overview of the issues', Gender & Development, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 433--452.
Slovenia, Croatia, and Macedonia made the first pushes for independence in the early 1990’s. However, as these countries were formed with diverse ethnic demographics and no clear political aims for each ethnic group, it was a mere free for all as ethnic groups throughout attempted to gather as large of a following for their own “cause” and slander the other ethnicities with propaganda in hopes of slowing their opponents’ growth. The campaigns destroyed the interethnic trust that Tito worked so hard to build for four decades to build. This coupled with the urban middle class being particularly hard hit by unemployment as noted by Mary Kaldor in her extensive research into the Bosnian Case (Kaldor. p.37) led to a harsh breeding ground for interethnic conflict. Furthermore, we see that when these conflicts do occur urban areas are especially vulnerable to conflict. In fact, the urbanized cities can be the less populated cities and still spark the conflicts (Varshney. p.371-373). Closing with this quote from the International Center for Religion and Diplomacy, “while it can be [granted] that religion was not a central factor in the conflict, the argument that whatever role it did play was solely negative in nature is open to question (Johnston & Eastvold. 2004).” Perhaps someone without a grasp on the difference between ethnicity and religion could argue a whole paper on the notion that
The idea of a more peaceful word if more women held powerful and influential positions depends fundamentally on the conventional view of females as the most peaceful and pacified gender. It is easily questionable as to whether this outlook is naturally inherent, or if society has assumed these values as the manner in which women are to behave (Cook & Wilcox, 1991). By analysing the characteristics and actions of women who have been in influential and powerful positions, it is clear that those who succeed when in these positions of power tend to show conventionally masculine qualities. For example, bellicose leaders such as Margaret Thatcher, Indira Gandhi and Golda Meir would prove the idea of a more peaceful world if more women were in power as untrue due to all three leaders’ history of war and in Gandhi’s case, a nuclear program. This is because in current politics, the rise to a powerful posi...
Violence against women: a ‘global health problem of epidemic proportions’ 20 JUNE 2013 | GENEVA
Human trafficking is “a serious crime and a grave violation of human rights” according to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (What is Human Trafficking - UNODC). Sex trafficking is the sexual exploitation of human rights, especially those of women and children (UNODC). Sex trafficking is a major issue within feminist debates with differing opinions. This paper analyzes the different factors responsible for sex trafficking that arise from an interaction between Nigeria and the global community. Also, it would review the victim narrative that stem from these debates on sex trafficking and sex work. From the analysis below, the victim narrative is not beneficial to trafficked sex workers. It strips trafficked women of their agency and
Lanka and Northern Ireland demonstrate. David Lake and Donald Rothchild’s argument that a group’s ‘collective fear of the future’ (41) is often the main cause of ethnic conflict remains the most successful framework through which to evaluate the conflict between the Sinhalese and Tamils in Sri Lanka. Fear of disappearing as an ethnic group was the main catalyst for Tamil violence, in response to Sinhalese political acts designed to limit Tamil involvement in business, economics and higher education. Laws introduced to attack Tamil culture added to this fear, and a communal fear of ‘dying out’ thus became reason to fight for an independent nation. However, this was not the case in Northern Ireland: the conflict did not arise as a result of Protestants curbing cultural freedoms of Catholics, instead the issue of civil rights was more prominent. The existence of the Republic of Ireland assured Catholics in Northern Ireland that the Irish Catholic culture would not be lost, in contrast to the Tamil (and formerly Sinhalese) fear of cultural extinction. Instead, the conflict was a result of a prolonged period of Catholics suffering civil injustice and economic disadvantage. As Stefan Wolff argues, ethnic conflicts have both underlying and proximate causes, the former including ‘necessary conditions for the outbreak of inter-ethnic violence’ (68) whilst the latter are needed to act as a catalyst and bring conflict to a head. The ethnic conflicts in Sri Lanka and Northern Ireland had similar underlying causes brought about from structural, economic and social, and cultural and perceptual factors. Ethnic minorities in both cases suffered polit...
To truly understand and grasp Nigeria’s society, you have to understand its ethnic make-up and the dominant role it plays in Nigerian culture. Nigeria has over 250 different ethnic groups and 500 additional indigenous languages. Over 50% of the population are Muslim, 40% practice Christianity, and 10% practice some form of indigenous beliefs. (Ref: www.cia.gov )The many different ethnic groups results from its long colonial history and numerous cultural and physical boundaries that were created during this time. Historically, Nigeria has distinguished its groups based on location and other cultural indicators. Some of these indicators include, but are not limited to, language and religion.
Okeke, Phil E. "Reconfiguring Tradition: Women's Rights and Social Status in Contemporary Nigeria." Africa Today 47.1 (2000): 49-63.
Kaufmann, C. (2011). Possible adn Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil Wars. In R. J. Art, International Politics Enduring concepts and Contemporary Issues (pp. 424-443). Boston: Pearson.
Throughout history, there have been constant power struggles between men and women, placing the male population at a higher position than the female. Therefore, in this patriarchal system women have always been discriminated against simply due to the fact that they are women. Their rights to vote, to be educated and essentially being treated equally with men was taken away from them and they were viewed as weak members of society whose successes depend on men. However, this has not prevented them from fighting for what they believe in and the rights they are entitled to. On the contrary, it has motivated them to try even harder and gain these basic societal rights through determination and unity.
Nowadays, there are too many conflicts or issues that related to problems of the ethnics in some countries in the world. Many years ago the world was served with racial issues that occur in Africa which is the ‘Apartheid’ issues. Fortunately, this issue have been solved peacefully. However, these racial conflict still happened years after around the world and some of them are still cannot be solved yet. One of the issues is regarding the Rohingya ethnic in Myanmar.