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Social justice inequality
Cultural diversity in the policing environment
Cultural diversity in the policing environment
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There are many studies and suggestions on why the disparity between African Americans and Caucasian Americans exist in the United States jail system. According to the Council on Crime and Delinquency (March 13, 2012), 28% of African Americans will go to prison compared to 4% Caucasian Americans. So what is causing this disparity? Many agree that socioeconomic status has a lot to do with it. As we see that urban cities which consist mostly African American and other minority provides low standard education. With outdated books, horrible facilities and incompetent underpaid school staff, creates a toxic environment for kids that in which in the short terms will lose interest in the education system. The potential for kids dropping out of school are tremendously high. There are high probability are ending up in the streets and …show more content…
Despite the fact that whites engage in drug offensive at a higher rate, African Americans are incarcerated at a rate of 10 times greater. According to the Human Rights Watch 25.4 million African Americans since then have been arrested over drug possession. While in the system, minorities lack the financial ability to acquire competent legal representation that leads to longer sentence. The United States Sentencing Commission stated black offenders receives 10% longer sentencing than white and 21% of Blacks are more likely to receive mandatory-minimum sentencing more than Caucasian Americans. This suggest that the criminal system even do not as broad prior to the civil rights movement, it still maintains unfair discrimination factor. In an effort to reduce racial disparity congress passed the Fair Sentencing Act (FSA) in 2010. This act allows federal review and gives the possibility of reduction of sentences. So far 9,000 African American sentences has been reduced or overturned. Politicians in the like of Ron Paul (R) and Correy Booker (D) continues to fight for fair
The majority of our prison population is made up of African Americans of low social and economic classes, who come from low income houses and have low levels of education. The chapter also discusses the amount of money the United States loses yearly due to white collar crime as compared to the cost of violent crime. Another main point was the factors that make it more likely for a poor person to be incarcerated, such as the difficulty they would have in accessing adequate legal counsel and their inability to pay bail. This chapter addresses the inequality of sentencing in regards to race, it supplies us with NCVS data that shows less than one-fourth of assailants are perceived as black even though they are arrested at a much higher rate. In addition to African Americans being more likely to be charged with a crime, they are also more likely to receive harsher punishments for the same crimes- which can be seen in the crack/cocaine disparities. These harsher punishments are also shown in the higher rates of African Americans sentenced to
1. What is the difference between a. and a. Inequality became instrumental in privileging white society early in the creation of American society. The white society disadvantaged American Indians by taking their land and established a system of rights fixed in the principle that equality in society depended on the inequality of the Indians. This means that for white society to become privileged, they must deprive the American Indians of what was theirs to begin with. Different institutions such as the social institution, political, economical, and education have all been affected by race.
The year was 1915, Carter G. Woodson had recently traveled from Washington D.C to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of emancipation. This gave him and thousands of other African Americans the ability to appreciate displays highlighting the progress African Americans had made since the abolishment of slavery. This occasion inspired Woodson and four others to form the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (now Association for the Study of African American Life and History or ASALH). This organization’s purpose was to recognize and promote the accomplishments and history of African Americans that often went unnoticed. In 1916, Woodson created The Journal of Negro History in hopes that it would familiarize people with the findings and achievements of African Americans. But Woodson wanted more; he wanted all people to celebrate and be aware of the great things African Americans had and were accomplishing. He wanted both whites and blacks to have strong, positive affiliations. Woodson decided the best way to accomplish these things was to create Negro Achievement Week.
Prior to World War I there was much social, economic, and political inequality for African Americans. This made it difficult for African Americans to accept their own ethnicity and integrate with the rest of American society. By the end of World War II however African Americans had made great strides towards reaching complete equality, developing their culture, securing basic rights, and incorporating into American society.
Even though racism has always been a problem since the beginning of time, recently in the United States, there has been a rise in discrimination and violence has been directed towards the African American minority primarily from those in the white majority who believe they are more superior, especially in our criminal justice system. There are many different reasons for the ethnic disparities in the criminal justice system between the majority and the minority, but some key reasons are differential involvement, individual racism, and institutional racism to why racial disparities exist in
Statistical accounts show consistent accord in that African Americans are disproportionately arrested over whites. What is much less lucid, however, is the real reason for this disparity. Both criminologists and political scientists alike have expounded remarkably polarized explanations for this phenomenon. Exemplary of this are two arguments as developed as they are diametrically opposed, that of William Wilbanks and that of Samuel Walker, Cassia Spohn and Miriam DeLone.
According to statistics since the early 1970’s there has been a 500% increase in the number of people being incarcerated with an average total of 2.2 million people behind bars. The increase in rate of people being incarcerated has also brought about an increasingly disproportionate racial composition. The jails and prisons have a high rate of African Americans incarcerated with an average of 900,000 out of the 2.2 million incarcerateed being African American. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics 1 in 6 African American males has been incarcerated at some point in time as of the year 2001.
These statistics demonstrate that racialized mass incarceration exists in the U.S. There are a few reasons why African Americans are discriminated against by the legal system. The primary cause is inequitable protection by the law and unequal enforcement of it. Unequal protection is when the legal system offers less protection to African Americans that are victimized by whites. It is unequal enforcement because discriminatory treatment of African Americans that are labeled as criminal suspects is more accepted.
2010, “Racial Disparities in Sentencing: Implications for the Criminal Justice System and the African American Community”, African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies 4(1): 1-31, in this Albonetti’s study is discussed in which it was found that minority status alone accounted for an additional sentence length of “one to seven months.” African American defendants were “likely to receive pretrial release but were more likely to be convicted, and be given harsher sentences after conviction than white defendants charged with the same crimes.” One of the reasons behind this are the sentencing laws, it is seen that these laws are designed in a way that they tend to be harsher towards a certain group of people, generally towards the people of color than others thus leading to inequality with the sentencing
Phillis Wheatley and Elizabeth Freeman’s actions influenced the American Revolution. Wheatley through her literature, which included poems sent to George Washington and a poem written in regards to King George the third, was able to set an example of how African Americans are intelligent and equal human beings of the American colonies. Elizabeth Wheatley went against all odds to obtain her freedom by suing her slave owner and winning the case in court. Phillis Wheatley and Elizabeth Freeman’s actions during the American Revolution affected what liberty rights they would obtain years after the American Revolution ended.
Despite the restrictions imposed by slavery, African Americans have made significant contributions to American culture in music, literature, and cuisine.
Abraham Lincoln was a man who fought hard to end slavery believing that slavery was evil and was not a necessity. He fought for slaves’ freedom for many years until his assassination in 1865. Slavery, abolished in 1865, after Lincoln’s death, started in 1863 when Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. The Emancipation Proclamation was a way of offering hope to the slaves. While slaves were not fully freed until 1865 when the Civil Rights Act was enacted, Lincoln did push for their freedom until the time of his death. Slavery may have been abolished in 1865; black men, women and families may have been free in both the North and South, little did they know they were headed into many more problems than they ever
Education in any manner is the most important aspect any person can obtain in their lifetime for a brighter future. Education for the African American community was even more important because once slavery had ended, the African American community felt the need to be able to educate themselves in reading and writing (Anderson, 1988, pg.5) so that they could be able to prosper in a world that held them at arm’s length. Gaining an education in the early twentieth century at the time of the Jim Crow laws and when the south became segregated would seem to be all but a distant dream for the African Americans. When the Jim Crow laws became really into effect in the early twentieth century, these laws had a vast impact on education for African Americans
Ever since slavery came to America, the whites had placed African Americans below their social status. After their placement as property to white men that many leaders in the African American community fight for their rights as a free man. Throughout the years, the black identity had many issues that struggle for equality from their own identity, constitutional rights they argued with radical white men and the secondary education that many leaders of African American to prove their education they needed.
There are many different factors that affect education. One such factor is, socioeconomic status. Children who attend school in a wealthier community receive a better education than those students in poor communities. In poor communities, student’s education is not only affected by a lack of resources, but also from teaching methods and philosophies. Urban and poor schools’ students do not receive as equal of an education as their more affluent and suburban counterparts do.