Eliane Djiguemde
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic condition present at birth, characterized by a small amount of melanin pigment in the skin, hair and eye. Albinism is an occasional inborn sickness related with vision difficult, which affect one in seventeen thousand persons. It is not a contagious disease and cannot be spread over contact. Albinism affects individuals from all races. Most folks with albinism have parents with a normal color of skin. Some may not even recognize that they are Albino until later on in their life. This paper will be based on the study of albinism, causes, types, the genetic transmission and some possible medical problem.
Albinism happens when one of numerous genes is fault. Each of these genes offers orders for making one of several proteins involved in the making of melanin. This imperfection may outcome in the nonappearance of melanin production or a cheap quantity. Melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found in your skin and eyes. The amount of coloring varies. Some people gain a little pigmentation in their hair or eyes when aging. Some develop pigmented spots on their skin. A person with total absence of melanin is called an albino. One with only a small amount of melanin is described as albinoid. (What is Albinism by Right Diagnosis April 22, 2014).
Researchers have founded numerous genes that cause to become Albino. The genes are situated on autosomal chromosomes. Autosomes are the chromosomes that contain genes for overall body features. Genes carry the material that makes you a person. We usually have two duplicates of these chromosomes and genes: one inherited from our father, the other inherited from our mother. Albinism is a recessive trait and someone without albi...
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... trying to develop gene therapies, or medicines that would enter the cells and adjust DNA transformations accountable for albinism. So far, experts have had several victories in modifying areas of de-pigmented skin and hair in rats, but they are far from interpreting this study to humans. (Albinism by Chad H Medicine Plus February 26, 2014)
Albinism is a health disorder where individuals are born lacking the usual pigment in their bodies. It generally affects the color of the skin and the eye. Albinism is an uncommon illness and cannot be stop or cure. Once you have Albinism you will have it all your life. Being a infrequent condition, research still looking on how to possibly cure it. But, being a inherited condition, study does not guarantee there will be a treatment. The only way to prevent it is to check the parents for a recessive gene before having a baby.
The hair of the scalp is longer and more flexible, while the hair of the eyebrows tends to be short and stiff. Oval shaped hair shafts produce wavy hair, flat hair shafts create curly hair and hair shafts that are perfectly round create straight hair. There are also different types of melanin, a natural compound responsible for the production of color in the eyes, skin and hair. There is yellow, brown and black melanin, each produced by melanocytes located at the follicle base. With age, melanin production decreases, causing greying of hair. (Applegate & Saunders, 2001, pp
Xeroderma Pigmentosum is a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in one of any seven genes. This genetic mutation is an autosomal recessive trait. This disease was discovered in 1874 by Hebra and Kaposi. People with this disease cannot have direct exposure to sunlight, or blisters on the skin may occur. There are only about 250 people in the world with this disease.
The prominent theory today about how and why skin pigment in humans developed with the color diversity that exists today, is that ancestral populations of humans inhabited areas with different UV radiation concentration. As a result, the effects of UV radiation put positive evolutionary pressure on skin pigment to develop for sufficient folate protection and Vitamin D production. For a long time, paleontologists have known that human ancestors had dense hair that covered their bodies. The reason that modern humans lack such covering is probably due to changes in climate and habitation choice, but for whatever reason the dense hair covering disappeared, it ultimately did, rendering the skin much more exposed to both the elements and to UV rays. Scientists believe that in response to this change in UV concentrations, the human skin became tougher, and developed a protective pigment called ‘melanin’ which protects against the effects of UV radiation.
Albinism is a genetic disorder that is caused by the lack of pigments. Sometimes it only affects the eye which is called ocular albinism. You can receive albinism from your genetics. You can be an albino in your eyes, skin or hair. It affects people of all races and all around the world. Studies show one in 20,000 people worldwide have some form of albinism. Certain forms of albinism are more common in some populations. Most common form of albinism is OCAZ and is found in one in 36, 0000 Caucasians in the United States. There are four types of albinism; type 1 is characterized by white hair, very pale skin, and light colored eyes. Type 2 is less severe their skin is usually a creamy white color and their hair could be a light yellow, blonde or light brown. Type 3 has a form of albinism called “rufous oculocutaneous albinism” this usually affects dark-skinned people. They have reddish-brown skin, ginger or red hair and hazel or brown eyes. Type 3 has milder vision problems. Type 4 has the same symptoms similar to type 2. Types 1 and 2 are the most common forms; types 3 and 4 are not as common.
Heterochromia is caused by the lack or complete absence of the pigment melanin in the early development of the body. The deficiency, or complete absence of melanin also causes albinism and is found in skin color and hair (Haldeman-Englert). In most cases, Heterochromia is usually passed down genetically, but it could also be contracted by a mere punch in the eye. There are many syndromes and infections that are linked to Heterochromia. Elderly people that have cataracts or glaucoma have a slight chance of getting Heterochromia. The discoloration or pigment levels in the eyes affected have no foreseeable we...
Human pigmentation is influenced by hemoglobins within blood vessels in the skin, carotene and melanins. Melanin, the basis of pigmentation, can be found in the forms of eumelanin and phaeomelanin. Eumelanin is the brown-black pigment located in the skin, hair, and eyes. Phaeomelanin is a yellow to reddish-brown pigment found in small quantities within the skin, eyes, and red hair. Because of these two pigments, to a greater or lesser degree, we have the variation in human pigmentation that is seen today.
Throughout society today, colorism and racism play a huge role in many lives. Though the similarities between the two may confused individuals, there happens to be a difference between colorism and racism. Racism is the belief that all members of each race processes certain characteristics or abilities specific to that race. Gloria Yamato says, “Racism is persuasive to the point that we take most of its manifestations for granted believing, “That’s Life” (Yamato 65). Racism can vary seeing as though you could be a specific type of racist. The four different types of racism that exist today are the “aware/blatant, the aware/covert, the unaware/unintentional, and lastly the unaware/self-righteous” (Yamato 66). Colorism is prejudice and discrimination against individuals with a darker skin tone. Colorism typically happens between individuals of the same ethnic and racial groups. In society today, colorism exists due to the accumulated experiences of racism, “which can generate questions and doubts in the minds of people of color about their place in a predominately white society” (Osajima141).
...be also highly affected in people with albinism. Usually people with albinism wait until the sunsets to go outside to do some of these activities. Some individuals with albinism have problems with emotional regulation skills which is mainly affected by the way society react to their looks.
Colorism has became a huge issue in today’s society. Colorism is an issue because, it is a form of racism, it reflects back on the days of slavery, it is overall rude, and jail terms are affected.
In parallel to the stigmatization faced by Albino people exist several myths about the properties of their bodies. These beliefs illustrate how myths remain principles of social organization in many societies. Many myths surround Albino people. They are considered as ghosts, or as devils due to their red eyes. Likewise, giving birth to an Albino baby was considered as a punishment or a malediction coming from gods.
There are two main forms of genes; dominant and recessive. You have many genes that determine how you look i.e.: hair color, eye color, etc. If you have a dominant dominant gene and your spouse has the same dominant dominant gene then your children will all have the dominant dominant gene. If you have a dominant dominant gene and your spouse has the dominant recessive gene then your children will either have the dominant dominant gene or the dominant recessive gene. If you have the dominant recessive gene and your spouse has the same dominant recessive gene then your children will either have the dominant dominant gene, the dominant recessive gene, or the recessive recessive gene. If you have the recessive recessive gene and your spouse has the same recessive recessive gene then your children will all have the recessive recessive gene.
Another rare form of albinism is Chedidk- Higushi Syndrome (CHS). People with this syndrome have a defect in the white blood cell, which increase their risk of infections. They also have the hair that
For almost all types of Albinism both parents or mates must carry an albinism gene in order for their child to have albinism. Because the body has two sets of genes, a person may have normal pigmentation but carry the albinism gene. If a person has one normal gene and one albinism gene that is still enough to pass the disease on to their children. Even if both parents have the albinism gene it does not mean they have the sickness. The baby will have a one out of four chance of getting the disease. This is inherited by autosomal recessive inheritance.
The genetic defect that causes albinism in other types of albinism is unknown, but it is speculated that it involves other enzymes used to make pigment. Albinism is passed from parents to their children through genes. For nearly all types of albinism, both parents must carry an albinism gene to have a child with albinism. Parents may have normal pigmentation, but still carry the gene. When both parents carry the gene, and neither parent has albinism, there is a one in four chance at each pregnancy that the baby will be born with albinism.
Over time, scientists who studied the human body learned that variations in skin tone appeared to be adaptive traits that were passed through genes from parents to children. These traits corresponded closely with geography and the Sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation.