Indonesian Culture And Education Essay

Abstract—Indonesia has been widely known a country with unique characteristic, culturally, regionally and geographically.

As Indonesia is an archipelago country, there are many islands and culture that impact to every life system, especially in education system. In this case, region in Indonesia is divided by developed and developing region, due to the different characteristic of two regions themselves. Education becomes one vital attention in Indonesia’s development phase. It is supported by the fact that, recently, Indonesia has raised education spending an attention to achieve welfare, especially for the poor people. Thus, education becomes equal towards the poor people. It is an unfortunate fact that the raising education spending has no

Local community in one nation or state is divided into four categories or group of welfare [9]. The first group is called chronically poor, in which it is inhabited by the society whose average consumption per capita remains to be under the poverty line; the second group as known persistently poor, in which it is fulfilled by group of community whose position is in the middle of chronically poor, whose poverty level can not be justified within one or two years. This group can be differentiated with the chronically poor society, in the expected situation where this group can be less poor in a while. The third group is localized by group of community that remains poor from time to time. Yet, in average it remains less poor (well known as transient poor/mover). Principally, the mover has better consumption level, thus the poverty strike is avoidable. The last group is well known as a group of community who is constantly rich

(never poor). Picture 1, provides explanation the categorized of welfare.

Public Spending Education and Inequality: A Case Study in Indonesia

Erwin Saraswati

International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, Vol. 2, No. 5, September

Income per capita variables is measured by revenue every district, human capital using Human Development Index and level of consumption for poor people variables.

Definition of Efficiency is relation between input and output. In the education systems the output is part of student improvement in certain education [20], such as, decreasing literacy level, and increasing enrollment or graduation rate.

The input is education spending, wages of teacher, ratio of teacher and student [6], [18]-[20].

Human Development Index is defined as index for describing labor force and is obtained from aggregated life of expectancy, level of education and standard of life. As a result, this index is form of labor force quality [1], [22]-[24].

The last variable is poor people based on the consumption of 20% (considered as low level) as applied by [9], [10],

[13], [16], [25].

All variables in this research are related to characteristic of developed and developing region which ease the portray of movement of welfare in both cluster. Increasing public spending by government aims for poor people to be more equitable. Many researchers find contrary, where the inequality, especially for the poor people [3], [14],