H1 States with Smoking Bans and Cigarette Sales Each year 440,000 people die, in the United States alone, from the effects of cigarette smoking (American Cancer Society, 2004). As discussed by Scheraga & Calfee (1996) as early as the 1950’s the U.S. government has utilized several methods to curb the incidence of smoking, from fear advertising to published health warnings. Kao & Tremblay (1988) and Tremblay & Tremblay (1995) agreed that these early interventions by the U.S. government were instrumental in the diminution of the national demand for cigarettes in the United States. In more recent years, state governments have joined in the battle against smoking by introducing antismoking regulations. In a research article by Gallet (2004), several aspects of the clean indoor-air laws were closely examined. Set apart from other literature on the same topic, Gallet (2004) proposed that the degree of enforcement of these laws was just as important as the laws themselves. States that maintained the most restrictive clean-air laws encouraged much more competition within the cigarette industry; hence prices were adjusted closer to marginal cost which caused the availability of supply to increase (Gallet, 2004). Conversely, Keeler, Barnett, Manning, & Sung (1996) concluded that the price adjustment closer to marginal demand could be explained as an attempt to compensate for the reduction of demand caused by the antismoking laws. Regardless of the opinions of the papers on this aspect of the clean indoor-air laws, both agreed that state regulations that prohibit or limit smoking in public places decreased the cigarette demand. Extraneous variables, excluding state smoking restrictions, may influence state cigarette sales. State cigarette sales may be influenced by “bootlegging,” identified as the crossing of state lines to purchase cigarettes in a state that sells cigarettes at a less expensive price (Gallet, 2004; Meier & Licari, 1997). Gallet (2004) identified “bootlegging” as Nprice, or the minimum neighbor state price ($). As stated previously, Gallet (2004) examined not only states with clean indoor-air laws, Clean1, but also the degree to which these laws were enforced within the individual states, Clean2. The consensus of the reviewed literature, those both including and excluding the extraneous variable, found that the institutions of state smoking bans affect cigarette sales. Discussion The results of this study are consistent with the overall literature’s findings (Gallet, 2004; Meirer & Licari, 1997) that states with smoking bans have a decrease in cigarette sales. However, caution is warranted in the true reliability of the data presented in this study, because of the nature of the data.
Not many sports are as physically demanding on the human body as football. The physical toll that football players pay is almost impossible to comprehend unless one has actually played the sport for a significant amount of time. However, until recently any connection between the hits taken by football players and their health down the road was largely ignored. A common, yet difficult injury to detect in football is a concussion, the most common traumatic brain injury (Pearce). A concussion is defined as “a brain injury that is caused by a sudden blow to the head or the body. The blow shakes the brain inside the skull, which temporarily prevents the brain from working normally” (Heiner pa.5). Reports and studies have surfaced shedding light on just how much damage is inflicted upon the brain due to crippling hits. These studies suggest that NFL athletes who received concussions suffered lasting damage to the brain, which opens the gate to a multitude of other health issues such as dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and clinical depression (Pearce). This is an aspect of the game that not many are aware of and it is a serous issue that needs to be dealt with sooner rather than later. There have been too many heartbreaking stories such as that of Justin Strzelcyk who heard voices and died in a crash while fleeing police or that of Andre Waters who shot himself in the head after struggles with depression (Zarda pa.1). Many current and former players are suffering in silence; this shouldn’t be the case. The National Football League needs to extend a hand to former players debilitated by head injuries. The problem of concussions and other head injuries in the NFL is one that needs to be tackled head on.
Multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine the effect of the El Paso smoking ban on changes in revenue over time. The following independent variables were considered: a variable indicating whether the smoking ban was in force, an ordinal variable to represent secular time, and three variables to indicate during which one of four calendar quarters the revenue data were collected. Two regression models were created for each of the following primary dependent variables: 1) revenue subject to sales tax from all restaurants and bars, restaurants only, and bars only; and 2) revenue subject to the mixed-beverage tax. For each category, the first model examined the association between the smoking ban and revenue, and the second examined
A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury that is caused by a blow to the head or body, a fall, or another injury that jars or shakes the brain inside the skull. Injuries are common in most sports, but football and boxing have the deadliest injuries of them all, severe head trauma. In 2011, there were 120 cases of sport-related deaths of young athletes and over 65% of those cases were due to concussions, according to Southwest Athletic Trainers’ Association. Concussions lead to many different problems: confusion, anxiety, suicide, heightened risk of violence, the list goes on and on. Football isn’t the only sport that suffers from traumatic brain injuries, boxing is also one of the highest casualty rates in all of the sports. Would football still be football if there wasn’t such a thing as a concussion? Everyone in America has different views on how this issue should be addressed or situated. “Who Killed Benny Paret?” (Patterns, 13th ed. 337), “What Price Football?” (Patterns, 13th ed. 605), and “Would Football without
In recent years, concussions have taken over the spotlight for sport injuries. It wasn’t long ago that doctors ignored these head injuries and let the players go right back onto the field. Joe DeLamielleure an offensive lineman for the Buffalo bill and Cleveland Browns explained when he played football in the 1970’s he received thousands of blows to the head and believes he has had at least 100 concussions (ESPN). Because the brain is very complex every brain injury is different. Some concussions cause people to lose conciseness while
ohn Wycliffe was a figure in history who was born in 1330 in the Hinterlands on a sheep farm. around 300 km from London. He is known for his impact on the reformation, and his beliefs are still commonly held today by many people, including the Roman Catholic church, which originally opposed his logic and reasoning. He did a range of activities expressing his beliefs, including being the first credited person to translate the full bible into english, wrote treatises to the church describing his opinions, and developed 5 rules for all people who wished to study the bible. He is also widely recognised as the person who started the reformation (A pretty big statement)
... “Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States. It causes serious illness among an estimated 8.6 million persons, it costs $167 billion in annual health-related losses, and it kills approximately 438 000 people each year. (n1, n2) Worldwide, smoking kills nearly 5 million people annually. If current trends continue, this number will double by 2030, and smoking will kill more than 1 billion people during this century” (Frieden and DE). Therefore, banning smoking in public places can reduce at least some of these problems and would enable people to live in a healthier way.
Cigarette smoking has become a part of the daily life of many Americans. At every given second, someone somewhere is smoking a cigarette. Beginning in the early 20th century, institutions have been investigating the negative, and in some cases fatal, effects smoking tobacco products has on the body. Banning cigarette commercials from television and mandating warning labels on all sold tobacco products have not been enough to keep hundreds of thousands of people dying each year from the long term effects of tobacco. This country has taken a focus to begin to legalize marijuana; however, the focus should change to this negative element of our economy. Cigarettes should be illegal in the United States for its extensive damage to the body and it’s near guaranteed cause of death.
Through out its long and devastating history, the cigarette and it’s advertising have had devastating sociological impacts and economic impacts. Tobacco companies attempted to appeal to various underprivileged or minority groups in society, have made money based off addiction and cancer, and have costed society loads of money. With the advertising bans and restrictions that came in both Canada in 1988 (Dunsmuir), and the United States in 1971 (Qi 215), the industry was heavily impacted, and smoking prevalence has since been at an all new low since it peaked. Cigarettes are once again being associated as something negative, just as they were when they first emerged (Gardner 13), and may one day be a thing of the
Statistics show that the increased affordability for cigarettes due to the taxation effects people of low income earning more than people that earn higher amount of income per year. Table 3 shows that the average amount of prevalent smokers becomes considerably higher as the amount of total income decrease thus affecting people of lower income more than higher.
Michael B. Siegel’s “A Smoking Ban Too Far” argues that banning smoking outdoors has no contribution to public health. States that the smoking outdoors’ ban is much weaker case than indoors, consequently it could cause a backlash that could threaten the goals of the antismoking movement. Instead antismoking organizations should focus on extending the policies that prevent smoking indoors in the 21 states that still allow it. Siegel’s article is somewhat effective, because the claim is backed up with facts that show the experience of the author on the subject, however it lacks stylistic elements that would bribe the audience to accept Siegel’s claim.
The prevention of underage tobacco use is crucial to slowing tobacco use in adults. “It is said that over 88% of adult smokers began smoking before the age of 18” U.S. Dept of Health & Human Services, 2012). If preventative measures are taken to slow and even stop the use of tobacco in the youth, it can be inferred that the percentage of adult smokers will decrease. The following section will outline the issue of youthful tobacco use, relate tobacco use to public health and finally outline the plan of action that will later be expanded upon. It is proper that any preventative steps meant for the national population must first be proven to work in the smaller state populations. With this in mind, the preventative actions that will be later recommended will aim to fix the problem on a state level before moving any such solutions to a national level. However, in terms of describing and detailing the issue at hand, it is more proper to view statistics and current realities on a national scale and later come to focus on the state’s background facts. That being said, there are far too many underage tobacco users. “According to the Surgeon General’s 2012 report on the matter of youth smoking, 1 in 4 high school seniors is a current smoker while 1 in 5 adults is a current smoker” (U.S. Dept of Health & Human Services, 2012). This statistic is both intriguing and
I want my students to have the full benefits of me as a teacher and I believe learning about different educational theories will help me be a better teacher. In particular from this article I will take away that teachers are needed to help rear students to the right information and help them focus on what information is reliable. I also will take in consideration my own techniques as a student. I am guilty of multitasking during assignments and even “googlification”. I think the internet has benefited my generation in many ways but has also done a disservice on real research. I hope as a future teacher to really teach my students to research and find valid, reliable, and understanding information of the internet. A teacher in this new generation must adapt to the technology available to students and realize they will be using these resources. I hope to find a balance in my classroom between technology, self-educating, and learning
The tobacco industry is a very unethical industry, due to the long term effects of tobacco on humans. The industry also does not assess the ethical and social responsibility the best way that it should. There are many factors that make the industry unethical; some of the reasons are the way the cigarette companies around the world Advertise, the way governments and cigarette companies make a huge profit from the sales of cigarettes, and the labeling health risks. I do believe however that there is something that the tobacco companies can do to better their strategy as far as their ethics go. I think that they should, always be looking for the best interest on their consumers, as well as advertise strictly on the effects that the cigarettes and what the people are getting for their money.
The sale of cigarettes and tobacco is a multi-billion dollar industry, but is it truly worth all the problems that stem from their use? Health care costs are extremely high due to all the health problems associated with cigarettes and tobacco. Even though research has proven time and time again the harmful effects of cigarettes, and the rising cost of health care caused by cigarettes, our government will not take a stand and stop all manufacturing of the horrible toxins. Every year, new medical reports are issued regarding the harmful effects of smoking cigarettes. Hundreds of thousands of people around the world die every year from diseases caused by smoking.
Dissuading against public use of tobacco products by use of injunctions are unlikely to convince individuals to stop smoking (Hudson 27). Tobacco users are aware of the of possible health risks that they are employing against themselves while simultaneously supplying their governments with necessary tax revenue. Lastly, prohibiting smoking in public locales will force smokers to use these products at home in the vicinity of their families and children. Given that residences are private property, there is no action that can be taken to effectively sanction smoking. Subsequently, this causes minors who are unaware of the dangers of tobacco smoke to experience the effects of second-hand