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Methodology of natural language processing
Natural language processing methodology
Natural language processing methodology
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i. Identify Lexical Ambiguity
The Lexical database contains the possible ambiguity indicators such as: bound, break, call, content, continue, contract, count, direct, even, express, form, forward, function, get, job, level, name, notice, number, out, part, position, record, reference, return, set, source, special, standard, string, subject, switch, tail, throw, throw, throw, translate, try, under, value , way.
ii. Identify Referential Ambiguity
The Referential database contains the possible ambiguity indicators such as: anybody, anyone, anything, everybody, everyone, everything, he, her, hers, herself, him, himself, his, I, it, its, itself, me, our, ours, ourselves, she, somebody, someone, something, that, their, theirs, them, themselves,
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For each ambiguous sentence, resolve the ambiguity in the sentence automatically as the final step using resolving rules, and thus improve the natural language requirement specification document. The Ambiguity Resolving Module architecture is shown in Figure 4. Figure 4 The Ambiguity Resolving Module
The resolving ambiguity approach uses the following common rules to check if a sentence contains an ambiguity:
Rule 1: when sentence containing not only, but also, as well as, both, but, and, and also, or, and/or, X /Y, either, whether, otherwise, meanwhile, whereas, on the other hand split it to two sentences.
Rule 2: when sentence containing unless, replace with if not.
Rule 3: when sentence containing a, an, all, any, some, every, several replace with each.
Rule 4: when sentence containing should, will, would, may, might, ought to replace with shall.
Rule 5: when sentence containing There is X in Y, X exists in Y replace with Y has X.
Rule 6: when sentence containing anaphora or pronoun such as they or them replaces with the farthest
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OpenNLP is an open source Java library which is used process Natural Language text. OpenNLP provides services such as tokenization, sentence segmentation, part-of-speech tagging, named entity extraction, chunking, parsing, and co-reference resolution, etc. The OpenNLP library was used to build an efficient text processing service. In this section the screenshots of DARA is provided. The graphical user interface (GUI) is shown to aid in the description. The GUI when the tool is in the run state is shown in Figure 5. The DARA GUI is composed of four principal
The ELL made a few common syntax errors; such as, dysfunctional phrases based on position of the word while combining the sentence with a question.
Negative Concord (NC) phenomena in natural language NC is defined … as ‘two or more negative elements yielding one semantic negation’, following Labov’s (1972) observation. NC has been a widely studied phenomenon, since it exhibits morphosyntactic behaviour that should intuitively be ruled out by semantics. (Tsurska: 2010)
Ambiguity is when a word is used in a sentence but it has an unclear or unfixed meaning. An example of this is in “The Catcher in the Rye” by J.D. Salinger, in one scene Holden says “I ran all the way to the main gate, and then I waited a second till I got my breath. I have no wind, if you want to know the truth. I’m quite a heavy smoker, for one thing—that is, I used to be. They made me cut it out. Another thing, I grew six and a half inches last year. That’s also how I practically got tubby and came out here for all these goddam checkups and stuff. I’m pretty healthy though.” This is an example of ambiguity because the words “they” and “here” used by the speaker are ambiguous. But the readers are allowed to presume from the context that “they” might be the professionals helping out Holden and “here” might be a rehabilitation center.
Chapter seven begins by explaining an example that would make the case against using ambiguity. In fact, the title of chapter seven is “Avoid Ambiguity”. While it is true that vague statements leave questions unanswered, the traditional idea behind gathering information is to find specific details and clear communicated information. Ambiguous communication can be dangerous in some situations where the consequences of not understanding the complete picture can cause harm. Therefore, communication of specific information is needed in some situations, however, the author then goes on to explain how the ambiguous statement or event can lead to more accurate and applicable solutions.
My goal is to work on my sentence structure so that the syntax makes sense, and does not confuse the reader.
To revise a phrase fragment, you will either attach the phrase to an independent clause or make it a separate sentence. A correct way of attaching the phrase to an independent clause would be, “The board meeting is serving breakfast in the hallway, along with desert.” An incorrect way would be placing a period after hallway instead of the comma. A correct way of making the phrase into a separate sentence is by adding a subject, verb, or both. For example, you can turn “Jerry trained relentlessly for weeks at the gym. To compete at the strongest man competition.” to “Jerry trained relentlessly for weeks at the gym. He wanted to compete at the strongest man competition.” Do I need to repeat myself?
1) A combination of syntactic and lexical features offers a substantial improvement in relation
Ellipsis is a pervasive phenomenon in natural language.Since ellipsis is one of the different cohesive devices in English, its place will specify among other standards of textuality and its characteristics as a cohesive device.
Philosophical approaches, deixis can be as indexical expressions may be usefully approached by considering how truth-conditional semantics deals with certain natural language expression. For example:
Jurafsky, D. & Martin, J. H. (2009), Speech and Language Processing: International Version: an Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition, 2nd ed, Pearson Education Inc, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Expressions such as these can cause miscommunications, misunderstandings, and basically just a lot of confusion.
...red by Leech, though he states that it would be very possible to add many more types. In addition, the lines which distinguish between the seven types of meaning can often blur. For example, there might be arguments about whether the differences in a sentence arise due to conceptual or connotative meaning.
The external argument in both the examples (5a & b) is marked with the instrumental Case because of the presence of the capabilitative auxiliary ɟa. In addition, the transitive verbal string agrees with the internal argument in both examples.
Recognize grammatical word classes (e.g., nouns and verbs), systems (e.g., tense, agreement, and pluralization), patterns, rules, and elliptical forms.
Syntax is the study of how words are combined to create phrases and causes in the sentences of a specific language (Freeman and Freeman, 2014). Syntax helps us to make clear sentences that “sound right,” where words, phrases, and clauses each serve their function and are correctly ordered to form and communicate a complete sentence with meaning. The rules of syntax combine words into phrases and phrases into sentences. Not only does it focus on the correct word order for a language, but it also helps show the relationship between the meaning of a group of words. Without proper syntax, a sentence can be meaningless. It is key to understand that while every language does have certain syntax, the syntax does vary from language to language. It