9. A 2-year-old girl who attends daycare presents with three days of fussiness and 1 day of refusal to eat. A daycare worker notices a few vesicular lesions on the child’s tongue and fingers of both hands. Which one of the following is NOT a likely culprit of the child’s condition?
A. Polio virus
B. Coxsackie virus
C. Echo virus
D. Herpes virus
E. Enterovirus
Answer: D
Explanation: The child has hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). HFMD is caused by enteroviruses, most commonly coxsackie. Polio and echo viruses are also in this virus family. Herpes virus dose cause aphthous ulcers and herpangina, but is not related to the enterovirus family and is not an etiologic agent of HFMD. Typical presentation includes complaints of mouth or throat
Croup: Croup is another common airway inflammation caused by virus that can affect the trachea, larynx and possibility the bronchi (Murray, Sidani, & Zoorob, 2011) thus causing infection in the upper respiratory tract. Murray et al. describes it as the most common illness in children under the age of 6 to 36 months and cause for cough mostly when a child cries; acute stridor and hoarseness in febrile children (Murray et al., 2011). It can be a life-threatening situation in the life of the young infant and the family. Croup symptoms exhibit as hoarseness, barking cough, inspiratory stridor, and respiratory distress. I chose this diagnosis as my first preference because when I read the mother’s subjective report it matches that of croup symptoms: a barking cough, no fever, severe at night and when the baby cries, fatigue due to excessiveness of the tears, pain due to inflames and swollen of the airway. Murray et al., led us to understand that the etiologies of this viral causing agent can be traced to the parainfluenza viruses, type 1. (2011). This virus is commonly spread through contact or droplet secretion.
The Panic Virus: A True Story of Medicine, Science, and Fear written by Seth Mnookin offers something for all potential readers. For those who are anti-vaccine, Mnookin offers valid science, testimony, history, and excerpts that demonstrate that vaccinating a child can be more beneficial than not. Instead of simply dismissing those who do not vaccinate their children, Mnookin offers valid points to counter argue in this debate. Mnookin offers thought, logic, reasoning, and research into his arguments, showing that his opinion is rooted in fact, rather than opinion or belief. Those who are on the fence about vaccination may find this book useful in that Mnookin not only offers plenty valid points about pro-vaccination, however, he also provides
and ears, and in the mouth and pharynx. The causative virus has been shown to be
As a child growning up, a lot of you may have had these certain condition. I think these the the normal conditions of a child in general. All children may not experience these certain condition at the same time in life, but I am sure nearly all ch...
lip, skin folds at the corners of the eyes, indistinct groove on the upper lip, and an
Mrs. A with her new born is at a pediatric clinic. She is been advised to vaccinate her baby for a disease X,Y, and Z. Mrs A has a discussion with Dr.D regarding the benefits of vaccines, possible side effects and why her baby needs to be vaccinated. She understands the benefits and the risks, but decides not to immunize her baby because she believes that her baby is not at risk of contractin...
Liam is a previously healthy boy who has experienced rhinorrhoea, intermittent cough, and poor feeding for the past four days. His positive result of nasopharyngeal aspirate for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) indicates that Liam has acute bronchiolitis which is a viral infection (Glasper & Richardson, 2010). “Bronchiolitis is the commonest reason for admission to hospital in the first 6 months of life. It describes a clinical syndrome of cough tachypnoea, feeding difficulties and inspiratory crackles on chest auscultation” (Fitzgerald, 2011, p.160). Bronchiolitis can cause respiratory distress and desaturation (91% in the room air) to Liam due to airway blockage; therefore the infant appears to have nasal flaring, intercostal and subcostal retractions, and tachypnoea (54 breathes/min) during breathing (Glasper & Richardson, 2010). Tachycardia (152 beats/min) could occur due to hypoxemia and compensatory mechanism for low blood pressure (74/46mmHg) (Fitzgerald, 2011; Glasper & Richardson, 2010). Moreover, Liam has fever and conjunctiva injection which could be a result of infection, as evidenced by high temperature (38.6°C) and bilateral tympanic membra...
For approximately three-thousand years, smallpox has ravaged and plagued the four corners of the globe. In fact, in the 17 th and 18 th centuries, it was claimed to be the most infectious disease in the West, with an astounding 90% mortality rate in America. It wasn't until 1796, with English surgeon Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccination, that the world saw relief from this devastating virus. However, even with this inoculation in use, the world continued to witness death from both the virus and the vaccine. In the year 1966, it was estimated that 10-15 million infected citizens world wide had passed away from smallpox that year alone ( “History” 12). As a result of these devastating numbers, in the following year, 1967, the World Health Organization (W.H.O.) created a program to eradicate the smallpox virus. Ten years later, in 1977, the estimated 10-15 million cases had dwindled down to one; a man in Somalia. Three years later, W.H.O. officially announced that smallpox had been eradicated, leaving the only remaining virus cultures stored and guarded in laboratories in Russia and the United States. Inoculations ceased, smallpox epidemics were non-existent, and the virus was no longer a concern. In order to ensure complete eradication of this deadly virus, the W.H.O. insisted that the remaining smallpox cultures be destroyed by 1999 ( “Smallpox Eradication” 2). However, despite the W.H.O.'s recommendation, the remaining cultures continue to be contained and protected to this day, five years after the suggested date of elimination.
In August 1967, a mystery virus infected workers from labs in Marburg and Frankfurt, Germany. Four weeks later, workers from a lab in Belgrade, Serbia, appeared to have the same illness. Twenty five lab workers from the three labs became sick. From the original infected, the virus spread to their medical personnel and a family member that were taking care of them. By the end of the outbreak, thirty one people were infected, and seven people died. The virus was identified to be the Marburg virus, named after the town in Germany with the most infected. (CDC 2014).
Anywhere you go you will always come in contact with an area that has been contaminated by something. This can be from someone’s dirty hands from poor hygiene to the mold that we are unaware that we are breathing in. But what about that fresh air you are breathing when you go on that hike in the woods? According to the CDC (2012), the airborne virus Hantavirus (HPS) can be located in areas such as forests, fields, and farms. This virus comes from rodents, so you may find this in the air in any habitat that is suitable for them to live. In 1993 the first case of HPS was reported to the United States as well as other countries and since then there have been studies done to see what type of specific environment is the cause of this virus (Riquelme, R., Rioseco, M. L., Bastidas, L., Trincado, D., Rquelme, M., Loyola, H., & Valdivieso, F. 2015). This outbreak first happened in the Four Corners area in the southwestern United States and was originally named “Four Corners virus” however, local authorities complained about the name and the name “Sin Nombre” was later adopted (Spanish for no name) (Tortora G.J., Berdell F.R., Christine C.L 2013). Early symptoms of
Adenovirus are DNA viruses that can cause several infections in the membranes of the respiratory tract, eyes, intestines, urinary tract, and nervous system. These infections are usually mild. The adenovirus finds a host cell that is can attach to. The fibers bind to specific receptors on the surface of the cell. David Goodrell (2010), says that the most common cell receptor is CAR, a protein of unknown function that is found on most types of cell surfaces in the body. After the virus attaches to the cell, it goes through endocytosis. The cell membrane engulfs the viruses that are on the outside of the cell into the vesicles. The penton will then attach to the integrins in the cell which breaks the vesicle membrane and the viral DNA is released
Measles Measles is a highly contagious disease. It is caused by an RNA virus that changes constantly. Measles symptoms usually include a bad cough, sneezing, runny nose, red eyes, sensitivity to light, and a very high fever. Red patches with white grain like centers appear along the gum line in the mouth two to four days after the first symptoms show. These patches are called Koplik spots because Henry Koplick first noticed them in 1896.
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) belongs to the Gammaretrovirus genus, Retroviridae family and infects domestic cats and other felids across the world.1,6,17 The single-stranded RNA genome of FeLV has three genes, which are common to all retroviruses: gag, env and pol, which encode for the viral core and nucleocapsid proteins, surface proteins and viral replication enzymes, respectively. 8,13,17
b. Another idea, is that vaccines cause autism. People think that something in vaccines causes the child to develop autism. (“Cause of Autism”, 2014)
B. i ask that you should think about these precautions and take them into thought