Adenovirus are DNA viruses that can cause several infections in the membranes of the respiratory tract, eyes, intestines, urinary tract, and nervous system. These infections are usually mild. The adenovirus finds a host cell that is can attach to. The fibers bind to specific receptors on the surface of the cell. David Goodrell (2010), says that the most common cell receptor is CAR, a protein of unknown function that is found on most types of cell surfaces in the body. After the virus attaches to the cell, it goes through endocytosis. The cell membrane engulfs the viruses that are on the outside of the cell into the vesicles. The penton will then attach to the integrins in the cell which breaks the vesicle membrane and the viral DNA is released
In 1994, a stable in Hendra, a suburb of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia broke out with an unknown respiratory disease that resulted in thirteen horses and one horse trainer severely ill, resulting in death. [7, 8] This disease was isolated by scientists and later classified as the Hendra virus. The Hendra virus (HeV), previously unknown, is now classified under the family Paramyxoviridae, genus Henipavirus along with its sister viruses the Nipah Virus and Cedar virus.[7, 9] HeV has the capability of causing fatal diseases in several animal species including humans.[1] The primary host of the Hendra virus was identified as the flying fox species from the genus Pteropus[1,2,3] that resides and migrates through Northeastern Australia[8] or more specifically, the East coast of Australia to Melbourne and west across Northern Australia to Darwin[7].
Also contributing to the virulence of the bacteria are the exotoxins including invasive adenylate cyclase, tracheal cytotoxin, and lethal toxin. Invasive adenylate cyclase reduces local phagocytic activity as well as acting as a hemolysin. Tracheal toxin affects the ciliated respiratory epithelium by inhibiting the ciliary beating. This kills the cells and causes them to be eliminated from the mucosa. Tracheal toxin also stimulates the release of IL-1, which causes fever. Lastly, lethal toxin causes inflammation and local necrosis at infection sites.
Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a monkey virus that was introduced into the human population by contaminated poliovaccines. The vaccines were produced in SV40 infected monkey cells between 1955 and 1963. The site of latent infection in humans is not known but the presence of SV40 in urine suggests the kidney as a possible site of latency. SV40 is a small DNA virus that is studied extensively because it is able to transform and immortalize multiple cell types (Ozer 2000, Saenz-Robles et al. 2001).
...rticular protein, called MAVS, which is key to our innate ability to fight certain viral infections, acquires a self-perpetuating fibrillar form in cells that have become infected with virus and amplifies the cellular alarm signal. [7] This ultimately induces the production of interferons that recruit macrophages to combat the infection. [7]
Then it enters into the host by exchanging its DNA or RNA. The virus then
The World Health Organization states that Marburg Virus Disease (MVD) was first apparent in 1967 in Germany, specifically in the Marburg and Frankfurt areas of Germany, hence the name, Marburg virus. The transporters of this disease were believed to have been monkeys from Uganda, and it is a very deadly and fatal disease in which the virus is similar in strain as the one that causes the Ebola virus. Although rare, MVD has the ability to be extremely deadly within an infected society. Outbreaks can prove to be dramatic and if not communicated within the proper societal channels, can be overwhelming to the human race. Outbreaks in history from the Marburg virus have been contained appropriately however, it is vital for health and protection agencies to collaborate in order to contain any future “accidental” or “man-made” outbreaks (World Health Organization, 2012).
The virus is primarily spherical shaped and roughly 200nm in size, surrounded by a host-cell derived membrane. Its genome is minus-sense single-stranded RNA 16-18 kb in length. It contains matrix protein inside the envelope, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, fusion protein, nucleocapsid protein, and L and P proteins to form the RNA polymerase. The host-cell receptors on the outside are hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. The virus is allowed to enter the cell when the hemagglutinin/ neuraminidase glycoproteins fuse with the sialic acid on the surface of the host cell, and the capsid enters the cytoplasm. The infected cells express the fusion protein from the virus, and this links the host cells together to create syncitia.
The virus has direct impact on the immune system, and it is known to infect macrophages. It has been hypothesized that infection of macrophages is one of the causes for development of hemorrhage. The virus also causes high production of cytokines. Due to infection, lymphocytes die in large numbers, causing reduction of T-cells and natural Killers (Hensley, Jon...
The hanta virus is not a new foe to humanity. This mysterious and sometimes fatal disease has plagued humanity for over 1000 years. This virus, most likely originating in China over 1000 years ago, is transmitted by human contact with mice. Only relatively recently has the hanta virus captured the attention of the United States. Although the hanta virus has been known for such a long time, there is little known about the virus. In the United States most cases are found in the southwestern part of the country, although cases have been reported from all four corners of the country. Recently, there have been successful tests done on prospective vaccines for the hanta virus. Despite this, strains of the hanta virus kill many people a year for lack of an effective medicine or vaccine (www.pharminfo.com).
These include MHC class II genes, T-cell receptor alpha-locus, IL-4, IL-4 receptor alpha-chain, high affinity IgE receptor beta-chain and ADAM33. Asthma can be induces by common allergens like pollen or dust-mite feces, these allergens are inhaled. Eosinophils reside in tissues, especially in the connective tissues that immediately underlies the epithelia of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts; a small amount are found circulating blood. Once activated by external stimuli, TH2 cell release cytokines, leads to the staged release of toxic molecules and inflammatory mediators. The eosinophil response is highly toxic and damaging to the body. Eosinophil numbers are kept low by restricting their production in the bone marrow. During infection, Th2 cells produce and release IL-5 which triggers the bone marrow to increase the production of eosinophils and releases them into circulation. Chemokines (CCL5,CCL7, CCL11, and CCL13) control the migration in tissues. These chemokines bind to a receptor, CCR3, expressed by eosinophils. Exotoxin, CCL11, plays an important role regarding the migration of eosinophils from the bone marrow. CCL11 is produced by activated endothelial cells, T cells, and monocytes. In resting state, eosinophils do not express FcεRI, this receptor is highly regulated, and the receptor levels are kept low. Eosinophils are only induced after binding, without the receptor, no binding of
Viral vectors use viruses to transport a modified gene into a patient's body. They are right now be...
Virus- An infectious agent found in virtually all life forms, including humans, animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria. Viruses touch us every day through water, food, physical contact, blood, animals, or even, the air you breathe. All though most are harmless there are some that...
Endonuclease V also known as EndoV is a highly conserved DNA repair enzyme. According to the research done in past, this enzyme was first discovered in E-coli and then later homologs of this enzyme were also found in prokaryotes, humans, and eukaryotes. This biochemical analysis of this protein is still not well understood by the scientist; however, Thermotoga maritime (Tma) which is a thermophillic bacterium is used as a great model to explain its enzymatic properties and structural properties.
An Adenovirus is a double-stranded DNA virus that infects animals and humans. Adenoviruses take on a moderate sized structure that is non-enveloped, i.e. naked, icosahedral capsid. The capsid is composed of 240 hexons and 12 pentons. Adenoviruses will attach to their target cells via their antennae’s that protrude from their capsid. The knobs at the end of the antennas bind to receptors on the host cell. Furthermore, adenoviruses mainly cause respiratory illness as these viruses tend to replicate in the epithelial cells of the pharynx. In addition, they also are the culprit for other illnesses such as gastroenteritis, conjunctivitis and even bladder infections. Symptoms of being infected with adenoviruses include those of mild fever, runny
The DENV envelope protein E, which is found on the virus surface, has a role as a mediating factor in the initial attachment of the virus to the host cell. Further, several cellular proteins and carbohydrate molecules that act as attachment factors interacting with the viral envelope protein E have been identified. These factors allow the virus population to concentrate on the cell surface thus increasing their chance of access to their target cellular receptor(s). Some of these known molecules that interact with the vi...