The first basic issue confronting all societies is to define the nature of the relation between the individual and the group. This dimension is frequently labeled as individualism versus collectivism (Hofstede, 1980, 1991). In cultures at the Conservatism pole of the dimension, Schwartz (1994) noted that the person is viewed as embedded in a collectivity, finding meaning in life largely through social relationships, through identifying with the group and participating in its shared way of life. Schwartz (1999) noted that this value type emphasizes maintenance of the status quo, propriety, and restraint of actions or inclinations that might disrupt the solitary group or the traditional order. Exemplary specific values are social order, respect …show more content…
Schwartz (1999) redefined Intellectual Autonomy as a cultural emphasis on the desirability of individuals independently pursuing their own ideas and intellectual directions. Conservatism, Intellectual Autonomy and Affective Autonomy related values appear in Figure 11. Figure 1 The Position of the Countries on their Conservatism Index versus their Intellectual Autonomy …show more content…
(1994). Beyond Individualism/Collectivism: New Cultural Dimensions of Values. In U.Kim, H.C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S. Choi & G. Yoon (Eds.). Individualism and Collectivism: Theory, Method, and Applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 112-115. Figure 1 demonstrates the position of the countries in the Conservatism Index versus Intellectual Autonomy Index scale. In the light of this dimension results demonstrated that Spain and Germany have the weakest Conservatism Index (3.42) where Bulgaria has the strongest (4.43). However, Bulgaria has the weakest Intellectual Autonomy Index (3.78) where Spain has the strongest (4.90). Affective Autonomy emphasizes the individual’s independent pursuit of affectively positive experience (pleasure, exciting life, varied life) (Smith & Schwartz, 1997). Schwartz (1999) redefined Affective Autonomy as a cultural emphasis on the desirability of individuals independently pursuing affectively positive experience. Figure 2 The Position of the Countries on their Conservatism Index versus their Affective Autonomy
This article provides me a detailed research on a group of American and Chinese adults with plenty of data and analysis. They provided a lot of real and objective opinion on the comparison between individualism and collectivism. The fact of the whole respondents are students gives me an advantage on finding better ways to understand and use this research in my
What autonomy does is it helps stimulates an atmosphere of self-improvement in a community rather than people being dependent on others. Besides not using people as mere means O’Neill believes in helping develop others’ ends so that they can be independent.
Individualism and collectivism are conflicting beliefs with the nature of humans, society, and the relationships between them, however, these ideologies are not diametrically opposing since both are essential towards balancing beliefs from becoming extremes. The first source represents the idea of collectivism and suggests that the society must focus on moving their viewpoint from ‘me’ into ‘we’ in the interest of survival and progression. This perspective presents the idea that the individual’s advantage belongs not only to the person, but to the group or society of which he or she is a part of, and that the individual’s values and goals are for the group’s “greater good.” Likewise, Karl Marx’s principle of communism emphasizes in the elimination
The Liberals value protecting and helping those who cannot for themselves, promotes fairness likes nurturing and strengthening oneself in order to help others. Project this into nation we see how the liberals hold the view that it is the duty of the government to alleviate social ills and to protect civil liberties and individual human rights. In other words Liberal policies generally emphasize the need for the government to solve problems while conservative policies generally emphasize empowerment of the individuals to solve problems. Conservatives value self discipline, responsibility and self reliance, upholding of established moral order then use of punishment to establish respect for authority. This serves as the basis of the view that government role should be to provide people the freedom necessary to pursue their own
Notes: Thank you for the feedback as well as the extension. As requested by you in class, this is a note notifying you that this annotated bibliography has been edited to incorporate your comments. Rather than highlighting dogmatism in conservative persons the annotated bibliography now focuses on the dogmatic trait as a whole, now with the understanding that there is a difference between the belief system of dogmatism and the personality trait of dogmatic.
...y remain unchanged. In particular this shows that freedom and equality—even if both are defined in terms of power—yield different criteria for the ranking of political systems. The fact that both these notions can be defined in terms of power does not imply that the comparison of political systems in these two dimensions can be `reduced' to one, more basic criterion formulated in terms of exertions of power.
Altemeyer (1988, 1996, 1998) replicated Adorno et al.’s (1950) study and examined whether the components of authoritarianism correlated with right- wing political views. Although not all of the components of authoritarianism correlated significantly...
Cooper, Barry, Allan Kornberg and William Mishler. The Resurgence of Conservatism in Anglo-American Democracies. Durham: Duke University Press, 1988. Print.
Thus, personal autonomy can be practiced when it comes to work. A person does not have to be fully on his own to be an individual. In both the child and work example, the child and workers are supported. Although they are left to do things on their own, the mother and the monk are there when help is required. Works Cited Lee, D. (1959).
Individualism in today’s society is the “belief that each person is unique, special, and a ‘basic unit of nature’.” The individualism concept puts an “emphasis on individual initiative” where people act independently of others and use self-motivation to prosper. The individualists “value privacy” over community the individual thrives to move ahead in life (U S Values).
“Individualistic cultures, in the western-hemisphere, [such as the United States,] emphasize… personal identity and self-determination. Conformity is far less pervasive in individualistic societies because democratic choices and laissez-faire viewpoints are somewhat considered.”
...alization, independence, and self-realization (McWhirter & Ishikawa, 2005). This approach relates to my morals, values, and beliefs being that I believe the best way that a person can get through their issues are through their own realization of their faults. When a person discovers their issues on their own, I believe that they are empowered and motivated to become a better person.
The next communication gap concerns with the individualism- collectivism dimension, which is the degree an individual is integrated into groups in a society (Hofstede, 2001). Individualistic cultures like the U.S put a strong emphasis on individual autonomy and independence, whereas collectivist cultures like Vietnam believe in belonging, obligation
Austria and Italy have similar rates in the Pragmatism index (60 and 61). The pragmatis...
America is the odd one out when one looks at its political activity. An article ...