Why does someone study hard for a test? The answer to the question is to receive an A on a test, in hopes to raise their grade point average. If someone raises their grade point average it might give them better opportunities in the future once they search for a job. The reason behind people doing certain things may be because of their environment but it also deals with positive reinforcement or negative reinforcement. Everyone has operant behaviors which means that their behaviors operate on or manipulates the environment around them. Operant conditioning is a simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in certain behaviors because of the effects of that behavior (Rathus, 2016).
History
Classical conditioning focuses on
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Edward L. Thorndike first used stray cats as experiments to understand how an organism learns from positive rewards or negative punishment while learning. He would place the stray cats in a “puzzle box”, to see if the cat would learn to pull a string allowing them to escape the box to get food. Thorndike learned that with repetition, it took less time for the cats to realize their way out of the box. Thorndike then explained the results as law of effect, which means that with positive reinforcement meant positive responses and negative reinforcement meant negative responses. Another major achievement for understanding how organisms learn was discovered during World War II. B.F. Skinner a psychologist used pigeons to guide missiles toward military targets. The project was called “Project Pigeon”, Skinner trained pigeons to guide missiles toward targets by being reinforced with food pellets for pecking at the targets being projected onto a screen (Rathus, 2016). This project shows how positive reinforcement works. When the pigeons would peck at the targets they would be given food pellets if they did not peck at the target the food pellets would …show more content…
Penny picked up Sheldon’s dinner plate and took it to the sink and with positive reinforcement Sheldon gave Penny a piece of chocolate for her good behavior. The second time Penny did a good deed for Sheldon Penny got another piece of chocolate. Positive reinforcement was repeated in the episode to fix undesired behaviors, the problem with the episode was that Sheldon misrepresented negative reinforcement. Punishment is mistakenly identified as negative reinforcement, negative reinforcement is not punishment. Reinforcement increases behavior, punishment decreases behavior. Positive reinforcement adds a desirable stimulus reward to increase behavior. Negative reinforcement removes an undesirable stimulus (e.g. stops pain) to also increase the behavior (e.g. taking a pain pill). Punishment is a consequence that causes the behavior to decrease, not increase. Punishment is not negative reinforcement. When Sheldon says he could use electric shock to punish Penny that it would be negative reinforcement and that statement is misleading. If Sheldon would have said I can take something away from Penny that is high value to her and reinforce her behavior into good behavior then give that high valued possession back to Penny than that would have been considered negative reinforcement. Negative and positive reinforcement aims at increasing the likelihood that a
... be purchasing snacks to have at home, for his son. Bill could inform Jess that if he does not stop throwing the tantrum, he will not purchases his regular snacks. If Jess does not stop, Bill should put back every item, that jess considers a treat, or really likes. This is another example of negative punishment, because Bill is taking away snacks jess likes. If Jess complies by behaving Bill can begin putting the desired items back in the cart, in which case he would be implementing negative reinforcement, because Jess’s good behavior is stopping the removal of the desired items.
In the case study, Jim Colbert, a third grade teacher, struggles to help a boy named Carlos. This Public School 111 was located in a metropolitan, run down neighborhood. The school was surrounded by drug dealers and trash. However, the inside of the school was bright and welcoming. Here the students were placed according to their abilities, and Jim had a 3-A class for the high achieving students. Jim had a routine that he followed every day. He would take the learning and apply it to the student’s lives with practical examples. To begin the day Jim would go through the homework with the students, and here he began to notice that Carlos was misspelling many of his words. Carlos comprehended the readings, but he was behind in his spelling. Jim talked with the other third grade teacher, Paul, about Carlos. Then, he talked to Carlos about the problem, asking him if he could get help at home. Here Jim discovered that Carlos would get little to no help at home. Jim sent home a dictionary with Carlos so that he could check his spelling, and he saw
From the textbook, “Third Edition Psychology from Saundra K. Ciccarelli and J. Noland White, it is stated that Thorndike was one of the first researchers to explore and attempt to outline the laws of learning voluntary response, although the field was not yet called operant conditioning. He tested laws by using a hungry cat for an experiment. He placed this cat in a “puzzle box” where the only escape was the lever that was also within the box. Thorndike also placed food outside the box as motivation for the cat to escape the box. He observed how the cat explored around the box, pushing and rubbing up against the walls in an effort to escape. The cat eventually pushed the lever on accident, opening the exit to the box. The cat however, did not learn to push the lever to escape. The experiment was repeated in many trials in different formats of boxes, but with the same tool for escape. The cat spent less time to push the lever through each trial. From this research, he developed the law of effect, which states if an action is followed y a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated.
My client, Catalina Sowrez struggles with procrastination in school. She is in her senior year at West High and her behavioral problem has gradually been getting better since she was a sophomore. She still struggles with procrastination daily.
Positive reinforcement works by presenting something positive to the person after a desired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior more likely to happen in the future (McAdams, 2009). An example of this could be when a child helps their mother with the dishes and the mothers rewards the child with ice cream. Negative reinforcement, is when a behavior is strengthened by stopping, removing or avoiding a negative outcome or aversive stimulus (McAdams, 2009). An example of this could be when the light goes green at a traffic light, the car in front of a person does not move. The person hates when this happens and from experience knows that honking the car’s horn gets cars that are in front of them to go
Research will be conducted using different and consistent commands for each behavioral modification. Commands will be given by one of two test instructors. Treats and praise will be provided to Penny at the onset of the command to encourage a learned behavior through classical conditioning. As time progresses and Penny’s behavior modifies, treats will be lessened and praise continued to encourage the positive
With negative reinforcement, when the students act politely, I would basically take something away from them that they had a negative attitude towards in the first place. If there is a student in the class who has a particularly bad habit of talking back to me and making up his own rules, then by using negative reinforcement, my goal would be to encourage him to behave more politely, like by not talking back. So, if this student displays polite behavior such as following my rules instead of his own on three separate occasions, then he will not have to complete one homework assignment. I believe that this method could be applied to other situations as well, like telling the students that they do not have to complete a homework assignment if they answer questions calmly and by raising their hands on three separate occasions, as mentioned before. When using negative reinforcement, the students will want to have less of something they see as negative, like homework, so they should behave more
The paper presented is aimed at demonstrating the primary principals behind classical conditioning. By using a real life example the textbook theory can be applied to a hypothetical patient suffering from a sleep disorder possibly somewhat brought on by a ‘learnt’ experience.
Learning in its most basic form is our minds associating one thing with another. Digging deeper reveals that there are trends in how human beings and animals learn by association, usually this is done by a brain connecting one event to another. The two different ways a brain tends to learn is through either classical conditioning or operant conditioning. Classical conditioning is learning to associate one stimulus with another stimulus, and Operant Conditioning is learning by associating a response or behavior with a consequence. Knowing how people and animals learn is an important piece of knowledge if one is to help benefit the greater good.
When taking psychology classes I have always enjoyed learning about behaviorism because it seems so cut and dry; if someone wanted to get a clear understanding or their fellow man, all they would have to do is sit back and observe. With behaviorism there is no Id, Ego or Superego to take into account, just raw behavior. While this approach seems simple enough, I feel that it can only offer an incomplete window into seeing how people function and react with various things on a day to day basis.
When ever the bell rings in any school in any nationyou are guaranteed to see students and teachers file into the hallway. This automatic response comes from somethingthat has been around for a long time called classical conditioning. Classicalconditioning was discovered and researched by Ivan Pavlov, a Russianphysiologist. His famous experimentwith his dog is known to nearly everyone who has had a middle school or highereducation. He fed his dog in a pattern,every time he fed his dog he rang a bell. Eventually the dog associated the bell with food and would begin tosalivate just on hearing the bell. Thatis the original experiment proving classical conditioning.
Pavlovian Conditioning can be used to treat and explain addiction. We must first discuss Pavlovian conditioning and addiction before we can even begin to talk of the two together. Pavlovian Conditioning is better known as Classical Conditioning, which was created by Ivan Pavlov and later used by John Watson to explain human psychology. Classical conditioning is defined by Meriam-Webster dictionary (2016) as a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone. For example, with Pavlov’s dogs, the unconditioned stimulus is food, the conditioned stimulus is the bell and the response is salivation, which we will discuss
I. Introduction of classical conditioning Classical conditioning also called as Pavlovian conditioning or respondent conditioning. It is a kind of learning a new behavior through association that when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) and evokes a conditioned response (CR). It also is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus (Cherry, 2014). Classical conditioning has much strength such as can help to explain all aspects of human behavior and many of advertisers will use classical conditioning to advertise their produces, however it also have some weaknesses such as all classical conditioning responses must involve a reflex and classical conditioning is a completely physical process, learning is not important as reflected in scenario. This paper will talk about the strengths and the weaknesses of classical conditioning theory followed by a brief description of the scenario and the strengths and weaknesses of applying classical conditioning on it.
Learning through operant conditioning allows a conditioned behaviour to increase or decrease in the presence of reinforcement or punishment. However, this process can be affected by instinctive behaviours that would disrupt the conditioned behaviour. According to a study conducted by Breland and Breland (1961) they tried to condition a raccoon to pick up coins and drop them into a container. The raccoon however spent time rubbing the coins together and rubbing the coin on the inside of the container before finally dropping it in and receiving its food reinforcement. Even after conditioning, the raccoon’s need to rub the coins together became worse as he spent more and more time just rubbing the coins. This is known as instinctive drift where the raccoon’s instinctive behaviours limited its ability to perform the conditioned response. Therefore the raccoon failed to learn due to its innate tendencies that acted as a biological constraint and operant conditioning failed in teaching the raccoon through reinforcement.
Classical conditioning and operant conditioning both played a key role in the history of the study of learning, but, as argued by B.F Skinner, there are key differences to be noted between the two (Gleitman, Gross, Reisberg, 2011).