Chapter 2
RELATED LITERATURE
A. Books
Stated by The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Ed. It is said that “Charcoal is a substance obtained by partial burning or carbonization (destructive distillation) of organic material, a charcoal is largely pure carbon.” In addition, The Columbia Encyclopedia said that the entry of air during the carbonization process is controlled so that the organic material does not turn to ash, as in a conventional fire, but decomposes to form charcoal.
UXL Encyclopedia of Science (2002), stated that seeds are a part of plant. It can be the cause for a new plant. When plants grow they will produce another set of seeds until the plants spread through the given space to them.
In addition, UXL Encyclopedia of Science (2002) mentioned that the most common type of charcoal is called wood charcoal. It is mentioned that the Wood charcoal was anciently prepared by stacking the woods, housing it with earth’s dirt, and setting the pile of wood on fire. In this process inconsistent compounds in the wood, like for example if the water eject as vapors like into the air, some of the
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In commercial processing, the burning takes place in large concrete or steel silos with very little oxygen, and stops before it all turns to ash. It is said that the “procedure leaves black lumps and powder which is about 25% of the original weight. When ignited, the carbon in charcoal merges with oxygen and forms carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water, other gases, and significant quantities of energy.” It packs more potential energy per ounce than raw wood. Stated by Goldwyn that the char combust steadily, hot and it produces less smoke and lesser unhazardous
Cooking was done on a campfire. They would use a flint and steel to light the fire. Wood, cow dung, willow, and sagebrush were some of the fuels they used to fuel the fire.
In order to overcome gas grill penetration, the KC should organize an advertising campaign on and emphasis on charcoal market advantages versus gas market with an aim to increase total charcoal grill market, using results of blind taste test of food grilled on charcoal comparing to grilled on gas.
Combustion is a rapid, continuous reaction that usually takes place in the gas phase. Wood is an organic compound primarily comprised of cellulose. For wood, the phase change from a solid to gas is almost instantaneous as combustion occurs (Coleman, et al. 95). Ignition occurs when an outside source is no longer needed to sustain combustion (Coleman, et al. 87).
Sun L. et al studied the thermal stability and fire retardant properties of wood flour/polypropylene composites containing magnesium hydroxide (MH), expandable graphite (EG), and ammonium polyphosphate(APP) as flame retardant. The results showed that both expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate promoted thermal degradation of wood flour and char formulation, and magnesium hydroxide did not influence on the wood flour decomposition. Cone calorimeter results indicated that EG showed the best properties on fire retardant and suppression smoke
Plants can teach us many things they show us how to be responsible and to not take things for granted that we have to work for things in order to get to a somewhere better . Plants are like humans and in order to see them grow we have to nurture them and give them the right attention to make sure they grow strong and healthy. In Paul Fleischman's novel Seedfolks, two main characters who are dynamic are Maricela and Sae Young.
During photosynthesis, carbon from atmospheric carbon dioxide is transformed into components which are necessary for plants to live and grow.
Planting a wicked seed will grow onto become a tree and as the growth progresses, so does the
Cigarettes are a thin cylinder of finely cut tobacco that is rolled in paper for smoking. There are also many manufactured cigarettes that also have filters on one end that are intended to trap some of the toxic chemicals contained in cigarette smoke. Tobacco and ammonia are contained inside cigarettes. Tobacco is a green, leafy plant that is grown in warm climates. Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. With these conditions, cigarettes are hazardous to health. They also have a complex of 7,000 chemicals. Another important factor of what cigarettes contain is nicotine. Nicotine is a toxic colorless or yellowish oily liquid that is the chief active constituent of tobacco. Smoking cigarettes is a process where the inhalation of the gases and hydrocarbon vapors generated by slowly burning tobacco. With this technique, it becomes highly addictive
Carbon dioxide or CO2 is known to be one of a number of gases that are astonishingly transparent to the visible light that falls on the Earth from the Sun, but it absorb the infra-red radiation that emitted by the warm surface of our Earth, to prevents its loss into space. Moreover, CO2 has varied considerably and this affected the Earth’s temperature. Most common source of this CO2 is known as the fossil fuel. Fossil fuels are primarily coal, hydrocarbons, natural gas, or fuel oil that formed from the remains of the dead plants and also animals. The burning fossil fuel that has been created by humans is the largest source of emissions of the carbon dioxide.
Biomass gasification is a process by which biofuel is produced. It has been used for over 180 years but in the last decades it has been reconsidered as an interesting technique due to the fact that oil supplies are decreasing. As mentioned before, gasification is a thermal process. Heat is added up in order to convert the organic mass to biofuel. The biomass usually undergoes drying, pyrolysis, partial oxidation and reduction. Nowadays the configurations used for gasification are three: fixed bed gasifier, fluidized bed gasifier and entrained bed gasifiers. The simplest configuration is the
Seed dispersal is possible with the help of wind, most likely in light weight and small seed water, animal and birds by sticking with their body parts e.g Feathers. Thats a reason why seeds must be disperse to help plants grow in other places or With seed dispersal, the seeds will not be overcrowded with the main plant
Seed dispersal is utilized by every plant. Seed dispersal helps by lessening the amount of the same plat within the same area. However, there are multiple types and ways a seed can travel.
Factories and transportation depend on huge amounts of fuel--billions of tons of coal and oil are consumed around the world every year. When these fuels burn they introduce smoke and other, less visible, by-products into the atmosphere.
Seed dispersal is the transport or movement of seeds away from the parent plant in order to help prevent the overcrowding (if this happens plants would not have enough food and light to survive in the area) and help to create new colonies. Thus giving the seed the best chance to germinate in a new location away from the parent plant and hopefully start new colonies. Due to the fact plants have limited mobility they rely on a variety of dispersal vectors to transport their seeds via abiotic (non-living) and biotic (living) vectors. There are five main methods of seed dispersal, animals, gravity, wind, ballistic and water (1). Fire is also another way for seeds to be dispersed but is not as common as the other methods.