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Psychodynamic theories: erikson: post Freudian theory
Criticism of Erikson's psychosocial theory
Criticism of Erikson's psychosocial theory
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psychopathology increases when the ego cannot function satisfactorily enough to control impulses or pleasures and does not have a defense when conflict arises. These may manifest as suppression, denial, or develop into negative character traits (Butcher, Mineka, & Hooley, 2010). Object Relations Theory was developed by theorists that include Melanie Klein, Margaret Mahler, W.R.D. Fairburn, and D.W, Winnicott during the 1930’s-1940’s. Klein was important because she put a bigger emphasis on the Oedipal stages Freud discussed. She felt that critical challenges during this phase caused later issues and made imprints on the psychological development of the individual. These individuals share a focus on a client’s interactions with external and internal objects, or symbolic representations of challenges. These objects are seen as having conflicting properties and that these objects can split of f the ego and have independence giving rise to internal conflict (Butcher, Mineka, & Hooley, 2010). …show more content…
Like the Psychoanalytic approach, the individual is placed at the center of the theory and wants to satisfy desires immediately. However, this perspective views people as being basically good. Carl Rogers developed the self-concept, which proposes that each person experiences the world in which the I, me, or myself is the center. The individual is always striving to make him or herself better. Also, if the individual feels threatened, they will introduce some sort of defense (Butcher, Mineka, & Hooley,
Freud’s two stages for the ego’s development are the internal and external ego. At first humans start off as the id. The id operates on what it wants and is not self-aware, so if it wants the breast, it will scream until it gets it. The first stage of the ego is self-awareness, but it only recognizes its own wants. The next stage of the ego is the separation between what is ours and what is not, and develops in the toddler years. At first the toddler operates on the pleasure principle, and the ego allows the child to obtain anything that gives him pleasure. The reality principle, however, interferes with the pleasure principle because it makes the ego realize that he cannot always get what pleasures him all the time.
Object Relations Therapy is a psychodynamic theory that focuses on internal objects. This internal object is an emotional structure that is being formed when from an individual’s experience with their caretakers in earlier life. For example, their mother, father, extended family or community. Later in life, the individual’s personality tends to bare the trace of the earlier relationship. The internal object becomes an integral part of the individual. Moreover, the integral object also tends to be expressed in the form of interaction they have with others in their present life (Stiefel, Harris & Rohan, 1998). In a nut-shell, object relations therapy studies the individual’s relationships among people and how one’s early-life interpersonal relationships are brought forward from the past to the present through their behavior. Moreover, it also states that our lifelong relationship skills are strongly rooted in our early attachments with our parents, especially our mothers. There are four various categories under object relations ...
Sigmund Freud was born in 1856 to Jewish Galician parents in the Moravian town of Pribor in the Austrian Empire (“Sigmund Freud” n. pag). During his education in the medical field, Freud decided to mix the career fields of medicine and philosophy to become a psychologist (“Sigmund Freud” n. pag). During his research as a psychologist, he conceived the Structural Model Theory, which he discussed in his essay Beyond the Pleasure Principle. The theory states that the human psyche is divided into three main parts: the id, ego, and super-ego (“Id, Ego, and Super-ego” n. pag). He concluded that the id was the desire for destruction, violence and sex; the ego was responsible for intellect and dealing with reality; and the super-ego was a person’s sense of right and wrong and moral standards (Hamilton, n. pag). Freud argued that a healthy individual will have developed the strongest ego to keep the id and super-ego in check (“Id, Ego, and Super-ego” n. p...
When thinking about my personality in regard to different personality theories, I felt that I could most relate to the humanistic theory. Carl Rogers described self-concept as a collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities and typical behavior. My self-concept is that I'm an easy-going, nice guy. If something happens that upsets me, I am pretty laid back about it and deal with it gradually. I like the fact that I'm easy going, and I don't want to suddenly start showing a temper or overreacting about things that I know I can get past calmly. Rogers also stressed the fact that our self-concept may not always be accurate. I like to think that I'm an intelligent human, but when others see my transcript, for example, they may think otherwise. But, on the other hand, when I am in a situation that I know a lot about, like hunting, another might think I am very intelligent. Others' view...
In addition to Freud’s stages of development his best-known concepts are those of the id, ego, and superego (Crain, p. 268). The id personality called ‘the unconscious” is the personality that focuses on maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain through reflexes and drives such as hunger or bladder tensions (Crain, pp. 268-269). The id concept is impulsive, chaotic and unrealistic.
In unit one of Interactions, the authors Ann Moseley and Jeanette Harris showed a number of readings about the idea of the self. The self-concept is an important matter because people change with age constantly and their thoughts change as well. There are many factors that can affect any individual’s thought of self-concept such as growing up, life experiences, friends and family, and meeting new people. Moreover, a number of readings in unit one by different authors showing their experiences and struggles with self-concept such as ethnicities, economy status, and self-esteem issue. I have had similar experiences with several authors, which are, “Zero” by Paul Logan, “Living in two worlds” by Marcus Mabry, and “The Jacket” by Gary Soto.
According to psychologist Sigmund Freud, who is known for his theory of psychoanalysis, the human mind contains “a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories” (Meyers 597). These unconscious desires then resurface and develop into the impulses for one’s actions and thoughts. Moreover, one of the most prominent and often times controversial ideas of this theory is the Oedipus complex. In Meyer’s textbook of psychology, the Oedipus complex is described as affecting young males by causing the development of sexual desires for their mothers and also jealousy towards their fathers
Sigmund Freud, an Austrian neurologist, was the principle proponent of the psychoanalytic personality theory. Psychoanalytic personality theory is tells us that the majority of human behavior is motivated by the unconscious, a part of the personality that contains the memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings urges, drives, and instincts that the individual is unaware, and that only a small part of our psychological makeup is actually derived from the conscious experience. The problem is our unconscious mind disguises the meaning of the material it contains. As such, the psychoanalytic personality theory is ver...
Rogers believed in his theory and stated that the organism has one basic goal self-actualization. He expressed his optimistic approach when he explained that all of us have the tendency to grow until we reach self-actualization. Also, he mentions that we exist because we need to gratify this need that we all have buried deep down inside of us. In relation to personality, he says individuals are open-minded and trusting to their own feelings and their environment around them. Rogers’ theory does emphasize when a person will finally reach self-actualization and that is from the experiences of his or her childhood. He says every child needs to obtain acceptance and unconditional love from others and a child will only be taken good care of and loved if he or she suits the expectancies of the others. Therefore, because of these, Rogers theorized that these conditions give an increasing level of influence to the person’s behavior. When his or her behavior and actions are continually reinforced by such conditions, the individual develops the personality type that corresponds to the generality of their
Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory was based on the belief that human personality is made up of three components: the id, ego and superego. These three components are arranged in a hierarchy order with the id at the basal end, the ego in the middle and the super ego at the pinnacle. The id at the base, seeks instantaneous pleasure and fulfillment, driven by the pleasure principle. The id wants what it wants, when it wants it regardless of whether or not it is possible to satisfy that particular want or need. The presence or logic of reality or societal behavior has no effect on the id. For example, if an infant is thirsty and sees a bottle of water, he will take the bottle and drink even if it belonged to someone else and he did not have permission to drink, all that matters is that the needs have been met.
From a Freudian perspective, human development is based on psychosexual theory (Wedding & Corsini, 2014). Psychosexual theory indicates that maturation of the sex drives underlies stages of personality development (Shaffer et al., 2010). It was Freud’s perspective that there are three components of personality (the id, ego, and superego) that become integrated into his five stage theoretical model. The id was the biological or drive component that is innate from birth. The sole purpose of the Id is satiate an individual’s internal drives (Wedding & Corsini, 2014). The ego is the conscious portion of our personality that mediates between our id and superego. Throughout development the ego reflects the child’s emerging ability to...
Klein and Fairbairn are both object relations theorists who believed that early object relations significantly influence one’s development and personality. While they have this main commonality, they each have their own conceptualizations about healthy development, as well as the origins of psychopathology. The following paragraphs will attempt to first reiterate some of the major postulates of their theories and their notions of normal development, and then attempt to explain how they understand the emergence of neurosis.
There have been many theorist in psychology such as Erik Erickson, Gordon Allport, and Raymond Cattell, among others. They have all made significant contributions to psychology and understanding human behavior. However, two theorist have distinguished themselves over the rest of them. Sigmund Freud is known as the father of psychoanalysis. He developed numerous theories to facilitate the understanding of the different stages humans go through. As well as Freud, Karen Horney also created her own theories. Her theories were relatively similar to Freud’s, however, they also have their differences. It is essential to have general knowledge of their background and to understand both of their theories before we begin contrasting them.
Melanie Klein, Known as the founder of the theory of object relationship, defences were built onto the baby of the internal conflicts of aggressive and cannibalistic impulses and primitive destruction damage to cope with eyesight anxiety on the exposed a primitive substantial. Klein realized that the root of the human behaviours are related to the relationship with mother, the start of the personality in the first years; when she began to observe this relationship, she alleged that the aggression and power relations at the beginning of the human infant’s life (Göka, Yüksel, Göral, 2006).
Personality is an individual’s characteristic pattern of feeling, thinking and acting. Psychodynamic theories of personality view human behavior as a dynamic interaction between the conscious mind and unconscious mind, including associated motives and conflicts (Myers & Dewall, pg# 572, 2015). These theories focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences. Psychodynamic theories are descended from Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis, which is his ideology of personality and the associated treatment techniques. Psychoanalysis attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. This theory also includes the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions. He proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality. Freud’s historically significant psychoanalytic theory became part of the human cultural legacy.