Successful Interventions in Cardiovascular Disease
Michelle Durborow
Benedictine University
Abstract
Despite substantial public health gains in recent years, heart disease and stroke are among the leading causes of death and major causes of disability in the United States. The goal of this paper is to provide an inventory of the successful interventions implemented and the theory or model applied in preventing cardiovascular disease (CVD). According to a study by Stuart-Shor, et.al, 2012, most of the factors that contributes to CVD are modifiable and preventable and falls on social, environmental, biological, and systems factors. Black people are more affected by CVD compared with white Americans. High blood pressure, high
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Other heart conditions, such as those that affect the heart's muscle, valves or rhythm, also are considered forms of heart disease. The term "heart disease" is often used interchangeably with the term "cardiovascular disease.” Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most common type of heart disease. It is a disorder of the blood vessels of the heart that can lead to a heart attack (www.mayoclinic.org, Accessed on April 21, 2016).
Heart disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women in the United States. Every year about 610,000 Americans die of heart disease – that’s 1 in every 4 deaths, with a slightly higher incidence in non-hispanic black population. Heart attack happens to about 735,000 Americans; 525,000 of these are a first heart attack and 210,000 happen in people who have already had a heart attack (CDC, page last updated August 10, 2015).
Heart disease and stroke are among the most widespread and costly health problems facing the United States today, accounting for more than $500 billion in health care expenditures and related expenses in 2010 alone. Fortunately, they are also among the most preventable (Healthypeople.gov, site last updated April 20,
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Ahluwalia, et.al combined a counseling intervention in combination with sustained-release bupropion (in 2002) or transdermal nicotine patch (in 1998) yielded 6-month quit rates of 21% and 17%, respectively, for blacks. Combining open-label bupropion, the nicotine patch, and individual counseling in an 8-week intervention resulted in an impressive overall quit rate of 53%. Results reveal that when healthcare providers give clear, direct advice regarding stopping smoking, it becomes the most influential way to achieve smoking cessation in most patient populations. Further, linking provider education to a system-wide change, cessation rates improve thereby reducing CVD risk (Stuart-Shor, et.al, 2012). Behavioral strategies to improve physical activity and dietary habits are influenced by a multiplex of personal and environmental factors. A person’s culture, values, beliefs, and practices contribute to shaping health behavior and are important considerations in effective interventions. Environmental factors such as lack of access to healthy affordable food or safe, affordable places to exercise exert a significant influence on healthy lifestyle
As early as the 1800s clinicians began to take a closer look at elevated blood pressure levels, they soon found high correlation between hypertension, stroke, and other heart diseases. They also established that high levels of blood pressure effected both privilege and underprivileged, and within the years they have noted the disease have become more prevalent in the African American culture. Long term studies, such as randomized controlled trial studies, unveiled
Heart disease is one of the most common causes of the mortality and morbidity in most well developed countries. They come in different forms such as stroke and other cardiovascular diseases and it’s the number one cause of death in the state of America. In the year 2011 alone nearly 787,000 people were killed as a result of this epidemic. And this included Hispanic, Africans, whites and Americans. As for the Asian Americans or pacific Islanders, American Indians and the natives of Alaska, the concept to them was a second only to cancer. However, statistics has proved that a person gets heart attack every 34 seconds and in every 60 seconds, someone dies out of it which include other related event. Additionally, majority of the women are the
If we were to apply a longitude exposure study over the span of 42 years from the time an inner-city child is born, we may conclude that life experiences resulting from potential malnutrition, underprivileged environments, and overall lack of health education are the leading contributors to adult African American deaths. Studies show that 8 of the 10 leading causes in the deaths of African Americans are medical disease, which with proper education and care may have been prevented and/or addressed earlier in their life to diagnose and treat. The fact is Heart Disease is the leading cause of deaths for African Americans. When compared to other ethnicities, some form of heart disease causes 24.5% of African American deaths. These numbers are astounding considering Blacks make up approximately only 14.2% of the total U.S. population. The contributing factor is lack of knowledge and family medical screening. Understanding the history of your genial line specific to your race and ...
Since 1960 the age-adjusted mortality rates for cardiovascular disease (CVD) has declined steadily in the U.S. due to multiple factors, but still remains one of the primary causes of morbidity and premature mortality worldwide. Greater control of risk factors and improved treatments for cardiovascular disease has significantly contributed to this decline (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011). In the U.S. alone it claims approximately 830,000 each year and accounts for 1/6 of all deaths under the age of 65 (Weiss and Lonnquist, 2011). Based on the 2007 mortality rate data an average of 1 death every 37 seconds is due to cardiovascular disease (Lloyd-Jones et al., 2009). Controlling and reducing risk factors is crucial for saving lives. There are a number of contributing risk factors for cardiovascular disease, which may appear in the form of hereditary, behavioral, and psychological, all of which ultimately converge in social or cultural factors.
Heart disease is of utmost and imperative concern in the United States. It stands at the top of the list for causes of death in the U.S., and it can be absolutely devastating (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2013). In part one of the health disparities paper, disparity in relation to heart disease was pointed out in those of low socioeconomic status and/or minorities. Part two of this paper has been streamlined towards a more specific minority: African Americans women. The reason for focusing on the African American women population is that there is a huge amount of disparity seen specifically in this group. As of 2009, African Americans as a whole had 30% more of a chance of dying from cardiovascular disease than Caucasians (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Office of Minority Health [OMH], 2012). The rate of Cardiovascular Disease in African American women specifically is higher at 48.9% than the rate of CVD in African American men at 44.4%, showing even greater disparity in African American women (American Heart Association, 2013). The goal of this paper is to identify and appraise two different articles surrounding this topic. Both articles involve an intervention in which similar community prevention programs were implemented in hopes to reduce the risk of CVD in African American women.
As opposed to the 19th century where the prevalence of preventable infectious disease was the leading cause of mortality, we face a new challenge today: decreasing the occurrence of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and strokes. Overwhelmingly so, cardiovascular disease remains the number one killer in the United States. This can be attributed to the state of poor psychological health and poor behavioral choices promoted by a variety of biological, psychological, and social influences. A healthier lifestyle is linked to a longer lifespan and better quality of life for an individual, so in order to promote a healthier lifestyle the dangers and risks of everyday life must be recognizable and approachable. Current questions I want to answer is; What is the most effective heart disease prevention, onset, and intervention methods? Looking through the biopsychosocial model scope is useful because it is a recent and practical framework to implement and operationalize.
Heart disease can take many forms. The form of heart disease I am focusing on is coronary disease. Different arteries supply different areas of the heart with oxygenated blood. If one or more of these arteries become narrowed or clogged as a result of coronary artery disease, or atherscelorosis the artery cannot fully supply the part of the heart it is responsible for. The heart is an effective pump only when good blood supply is maintained to all heart muscles.
One of the leading causes of death in the United States is heart disease. “Approximately every 29 seconds one American will have a heart attack, and once a minute one American will die from a heart attack” (Ford-Martin and Odle, 915). According to the Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine men over the age of 45 and women over the age of 55 are considered at risk for heart disease. Heart disease is a major cause of death. It is beneficial to individuals who seek to prevent heart disease to recognize the risks leading to heart attacks as they are one of the primary indications of developing heart disease; especially those that fall into the at risk age groups. These risks consist of some that cannot be changed such as heredity risks, or those that can change such as smoking habits. It is very important to know these specific risks for prevention and to understand the symptoms of heart attacks, such as sweating or the feeling of weakness so if these or other symptoms occur people are aware. Finally heart disease treatment is of vital importance if you experience a heart attack so you can learn how to prevent another one from occurring.
This objective is important because there is evidence in the literature that PCPs offering smoking cessation interventions in primary care can have a significant positive impact on a smoker’s likelihood of attempting to quit (Ong, Zhou and Sung, 2011). Receiving advice from a primary care provider (PCP) to quit smoking increased the likelihood that a smoker will quit by a factor of 1.3. Even more interesting is that receiving physician treatment for smoking, such a medication, counseling or referral, boosts the odds that that smoker will quit by 2.2 (Fiore, Jaen, Baker et al, 2008). Evidence also suggests that such brief interventions are cost effective (Fiore et al, 2008).
Some of the key factors of heart disease are high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and smoking. Half of Americans have one of these three risk factors. Center for Disease Control states that several other medical conditions and lifestyle choices can also put people at a higher risk for heart disease, including; diabetes, overweight and obesity, poor diet, poor physical activity and, excessive alcohol abuse (Americas heart disease burden, 2013). Heart disease is a group of diseases of the heart and the blood vessel system in the heart. Coronary heart disease is the most common type; it affects the blood vessels of the heart. African American women are more likely to die from heart disease than any other race because some say African-American women don’t get the same treatment as the white race will get.
There are many causes in America that leads to mortality. Cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of death in America. Coronary heart disease, heart attacks, and other diseases can lead to heart failure. Coronary heart disease cost an estimate of $108.9 billion for the United States in 2010. The total costs include medications, decrease in productivity, and medical services.
Mensah, G. A., Mokdad, A. H., Ford, E. S., Greenlund, K. J., & Croft, J. B. (2005, January 24). State of Disparities in Cardiovascular Health in the United States. Circulation. Retrieved April 28, 2014, from http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/111/10/1233.short
Over 5.7 milling adults in the United States of America have heart failures. About half of people who develop heart failure die within 5 years. In the U.K it had been estimated that 900,000 patients suffer from heart failures.
Heart disease describes a range of conditions that affect your heart. Diseases under the heart disease umbrella include blood vessel diseases, heart rhythm problems, and heart defects. The major cause of this is a build-up of fatty plaques in the arteries. Plaque build-up thickens and stiffens the vessel walls, which can inhibit blood flow through the arteries to organs and tissues.
...heart attack. Heart Disease can refer to an assortment of diseases affecting the heart. A heart attack happens when heart muscle is destroyed or hurt due to not getting enough oxygenated blood to maintain life. Different examples of Heart Disease include Cardiomyopathy, Cardiovascular Disease, Hypertension, and Ischemic Hear Disease.