Process Description
1. Production Process
Copper ore, usually in the form of chalcopyrite (Figure 2), CuFeS2, is mainly mined using large block cave mines (Figure 3). Block cave mining is a mass mining method that allows for large quantity mining of large lower grade ore bodies. This method of mining is characterized by caving and extracting massive volumes of rock which potentially leads to the formation of a surface depression which is indirectly affected by rock mass and topography of the ground surface. A major challenge when initially starting mining is to predict how the specific ore bodies will cave with respect to the geometry of the undercut. In simple terms, an underground tunnel leads to the draw points where broken, overlying rock is gathered and taken away for processing. Palabora
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This is led by a hydrocarbon fuel injection causing a reduction in oxygen to extremely low levels. 99.5 % copper concentration is thus obtained before it is cast into anodes (Figure 11).
The reverberatory furnace’s off-gas passes through a waste heat boiler and a balloon flue before reaching final processing by means of electrostatic dust precipitation. Flue dust is recycled to the furnace where the weak concentration off-gas will be directly discharged into the atmosphere using a concrete stack. Treatment in a wet gas scrubbing plant may also be utilised. Once scrubbed, off-gas is dispersed to the atmosphere using a high clean gas stack. Heat boilers are used to generate steam which heats the primary combustion air for coal pulverisers and also directs secondary air to the furnace. Off-gas from the converters passes through electrostatic precipitators that cater for gas cleaning. A sulphuric acid plant treats the gas and concentrated sulphuric acid is manufactured for sale in the domestic
The paper talked about the new mud glyph cave art site the was discovered in northern Alabama. It is believe that the artifacts and the images that is located in the cave linked back to the Early and Middle Woodland periods. The cave was named “19th Unnamed Cave” by a naming system that was used be University of Tennessee. Other main points in this paper include the 19th Unnamed Cave, the mud glyph art that it contains, and how the mud glyph contributes to the understanding of mud glyph assemblage preservation, and it helps illuminates the chronological placement of the art form. The cave is located in northern Alabama with a cave mouth of 25 m in diameter and with more than 5 km of underground passageways. The article hypothesized that since the entrance of the cave had some fluvial action, there would no archaeological material that would have been preserved.
For example, gold mines could be found in places like Macedonia while copper mines could found on the islands of Delos or Eretria. Also, it is important to note that bronze is a mix of tin and copper so it can not be mined directly from the earth. These metals were primarily used for the production of arms and currency during this time period. These metals were often found through underground mining, also known as deep vein mining. This type of mining was tedious and could only be done through excavation and tunnel building. These tunnels eventually emptied into galleries where ore was obtained, washed and melted. There was often a “relay of miners carrying ore out on their shoulders” while other times wheeled carts were used. Another type of mining was surface mining where ore surfaced in streams or on the ground and collected. An example of surface mining is placer deposits where streams broke up the ore and the dense pieces would settle at the bottom. The Greeks were very intelligent and could tell the “affinity for one type of metal for another” or would follow the placer deposits to the source. Because of the presence of water previously, sometimes the mine was forced to be abandoned because of the lack of control of the water. The Romans attempted to counteract this by digging drainage adits to divert water and filtering the water by percolation. Slaves would often carry the water away with
The chat wasn’t the only lasting result of the mining; left in this corner of Oklahoma was also 300 miles of mining tunnels (5). These tunnels were created by a method known as room-and-pillar (1). Large rooms were mined to get access to the desired minerals, and only pillars are left so the mine won’t collapse.... ... middle of paper ...
Purpose: The purpose of the lab was to perform a series of chemical reactions in order to transform copper within different reactions in order to start and end with solid brown copper.
The purpose of this lab was to to cycle solid copper through a series of chemical forms and return it to its original form. A specific quantity of copper undergo many types of reactions and went through its whole cycle, then returned to its solid copper to be weighted. We observed 5 chemical reactions involving copper which are: Redox reaction (which includes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state changed), double displacement reaction, precipitation reaction, decomposition reaction, and single displacement reaction.
In Stockdale, firemen are rhythmically shovelling the fire into the furnace of ship. They were putting coal from pile into the doors of furnace with shovel. clamouring of their shovels with engine and slamming of furnace doors are producing deafening noise.
pipelines. By-products are separated and cleaned at a gas processing plant. Dry natural gas is
The subsoil is likewise a source of riches. An example of this is the world’s largest open cast coalmine, located on the peninsula of La Guajira, which pro...
Riley, C.M. "Lahars." Geological and Mining Engineering Sciences. Michigan Tech. Web. 6 Feb. 2010. .
Objectives • To evaluate the difficulty of mining and reclamation To calculate costs, expenses, income, and profit from a hands-on mining exercise. • To evaluate the effectiveness of reclamation and its added costs to mining. To describe the increasing rarity of some non-renewable mineral resources. Introduction Minerals play an important role in our day-to-day life, but we often do not contemplate how the minerals are obtained. Minerals are scattered all over the world, just like any other resource.
The "Digging".. “Digging” by Seamus Heaney is the first poem in the first full volume of Heaney’s poem, “Death of a Naturalist”. The “Death of a Naturalist” is about the transition into adulthood and the loss of innocence. The poem shows how Heaney looked up to his father and grandfather, especially for their hard work. Even though Heaney did not follow in his footsteps and become a farm laborer, he respects the work they do, especially their skill at digging. This poem is a free verse poem.
Acid mine drainage refers to water (leachate, drainage or seepage) that has come into contact with oxidised rocks or overburden that contains sulphide material (coal, zinc, copper, lead). Keller, 2000; U.S.G.S. ; U.S.E.P.A., 2002). A common sulphide is pyrite, or iron disulfide (FeS2). Throughout this essay, it will be pyrite that will be the primary sulphide considered. Acid mine drainage is not a new phenomenon, early mining techniques utilized gravity to avoid water pooling, resulting in the water becoming polluted by acid, iron, sulphur and aluminium (U.S.E.P.A., 2002).
Seawater scrubbing system – This is using the natural alkalinity of sea water ti aboarb acidic gases. The flue gases are trapped in a abosrbtion tower. This is where they flow aginst a current of sea water
Mining is the process or industry of obtaining minerals from the earth. Topics in this paper I’ll be specifically discussing are pros and cons of mining, structures of a mine, mining in general, California gold rush, diamonds in Africa, and comparison of diamond and gold mines.
Coil, D., McKittrick, E., and Higman, B. (2010, December 16). Acid Mine Drainage. Ground Truth Trekking. Retrieved February 12, 2011, from http://www.groundtruthtrekking.org/Issues/MetalsMining/AcidMineDrainage.html