CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General
This chapter provides a literature review spanning the range of the complex biology of bamboo for understanding to prior research conducted on mechanical behavior and different applications of bamboo.
2.2 Design Provisions
Technical documents describe the benefits, uses, and equations for structural materials. A structural codebook for bamboo does not exist, but the first manual for bamboo design was published in 2000 with the ICC‟s technical document titled Acceptance Criteria for Structural Bamboo, and the second in 2001 with the ISO‟s document Bamboo Structural Design (ISO 22156). The ICC‟s document defines codes and references to use during structural bamboo design and procedures for testing. The ISO document, referred to as ISO 22156, was created to centralize the suggestions of researchers. ISO 22156 is not an international standard, but a step in the recognition of bamboo by other agencies as a structural material and creation of a codebook for design. ISO 22156 has suggestions for design and drawing details to provide adequate guidance essential for proper bamboo structural design. ISO 22156 is summarized to increase understanding of requirements for designing bamboo structures. Traditional knowledge can provide adequate design of bamboo structures, but structural engineering occurs when the engineer verifies the loads on a building and executes a safe, affordable, and sustainable design. Generally, a material has a codebook governing the structural design, which has information regarding equations, detail guidelines, and construction practices. Bamboo has a manual of guidelines, ISO 22156, and empirical design criteria to accommodate quality design practice but requires the dev...
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This description of ISO 22156 refers to key points for design and construction of structural bamboo. The document is purely descriptive, not prescriptive in the guidelines and does not provide values or equations for the design process.
2.32 General Properties and Failures
General properties and failures of bamboo in design include the inherent variation of culms and buckling. Culm variation contributes to the difficulty of designing bamboo structures and obtaining accurate quantitative data. Bamboo is weak because of variation in the cross-section, which can substantially impact the bending and axial stiffness of the culm (Arce-Villalobos, 1993). Buckling occurs in bamboo culms because of bamboo culm’s slenderness and curvature (Yu et al., 2003). Both qualities are avoidable through quality control and design checks throughout the design and construction process.
The philosophy of the International Mulch company is that Quality is an integral part of the entire business operation, hereafter this Quality Manual will be referred to as the Business Operating Manual. This manual is designed to meet the criteria of ISO 9001 which establishes quality standards for the various aspects of manufacturing and covers the de...
Creating buildings to a tremendously higher standard than the Polynesian expansion were. Intelligent people know that the Shogunate’s have built impressive buildings since the Shogunate period. The Shogunate’s built breathtaking temples, castles, halls and houses. These buildings were made primarily made out of wood and stones. Japanese castles were built in a variety of environments, but all were constructed within variations of well-defined architecture. Japanese castles were almost always built on top of a hill or mound, and often an artificial mound would be created for this purpose. This not only aided in the defence of the castle, but also allowed it a great view over the surrounding land, and made the castle look more impressive and intimidating to its attackers. Mountain castles were the most common, and provided the best natural defences for the castle. But a number of measures were also invented to keep attackers off the walls and to stop them from climbing the castle. This included pots of hot sand poured onto attackers climbing the wall, guns built onto the walls to shoot down the attackers and arrow slits from which defenders could fire at attackers while still enjoying cover. The Polynesians never used man made materials, using only materials that were naturally found. These materials were a range of leaves, wood and plants. But all these materials are highly flammable,
“Floor systems: Joist that are framed from opposite sides and extend over a bearing support shall be tied together by lapping the ends of each joist a minimum of three inches (76 mm), or with a wood or metal splice plate, or shall be secured by overlapping the floor sheathing at least three inches (76 mm) beyond the end of each floor Joist, or by other approved methods. (MBC 780 CMR 3605.2.4.1)” Spans of the floor joists are figured out by Elasticity of the lumber used. Floor sheathing is plywood covering the floor joists. “Plywood used for structural purposes shall conform to DOC PS 1, DOC PS 2 and HPMA (ANSI) HP, as listed in Appendix A, and wood structural panels shall conform to DOC PS 2, as listed in Appendix A. All Panels shall be identified by a grade mark of certificate of inspection issued by an approved agency. (MBC 780 CMR 3605.3.2)” Next Is the building of the
Dierenfeld, E.S., Hintz H.F., Robertson J.B., Van Soest P.J., Oftedal O.T. (1982), Utilization of bamboo by the giant panda. The Journal of Nutrition ,112(4):636-41.
The choice of wood also affects the violin's acoustical properties. Traditionally, violin makers used spruce and maple fr...
Before one can even begin to understand the way in interpellation and social history influence Ozaki story “The Bamboo Cutter and the Moon-Child”. This a fascinating story of an old bamboo cutter who was poor and sad for he had no child to call his own. One morning as usual he went out and found a nice spot and started cutting some down. Then he saw the bright light coming from on the bamboo’s and found a tiny girl inside the size of his hand. He brought her home and the couple were extremely happy. After three months the girl grew into a full size women and her step-parents decided to name her Princess Moonlight. They had a party and invited everyone they knew to celebrate their new daughter. After the party the word of her beauty spread far
“To ensure you're building with the right lumber, check the board's label or stamp for its chemical retention level. This number represents the minimum amount of preservative retained in the wood”
Kujac, Piper. "ASK INHABITAT: Is Imported Bamboo Really Sustainable? | Inhabitat - Sustainable Design Innovation, Eco Architecture, Green Building." Inhabitat Sustainable Design Innovation Eco Architecture Green Building ASK INHABITAT Is Imported Bamboo Really Sustainable Comments. Inhabitat, 17 Feb. 2007. Web. 9 Nov. 2013. .
Several issues have not yet been design; however there is an understanding of the necessary end result. The design of the roof has to aknowledge and understand the way water can be captured and circulated in a way that can inform the architecture. The structural blades in the project could perform an essential role in the circulation of the water and how this is expressed. Moreover, another consideration is how the floor plate of the second level can become an architectural element that is able to engage in a dialogue with the roof and didactically express the overall composition of the building; blades, floor plates, screens and roof.
In this article, we’ll be mainly going over wood species and materials in relation to outdoor furniture that is often found in areas such as your porch, garden, or patio. Each of the wood species has its pros and cons so when deciding on furniture having an open mind is the best bet to finding something that suits you perfectly. Let’s jump right to it.
The secondary walls of sclerenchyma cells are thick and contain abundant lignin. This relatively indigestible strengthening polymer accounts for more than a quarter of the dry mass of wood. Lignin is present in all vascular plants, but not in bryophytes. Sclerenchyma cells stop growing in length when mature and cannot elongate any further. They are so specialized for support that many are dead at functional maturity, but they produce secondary walls before the protoplast (the living part of the cell) dies. In some cases, the rigid walls remain as a ‘skeleton’ that support the plant for hundreds of
Interior design is a complicated profession. It is sometimes referred to as interior architecture and often confused with interior decorating. It involves the design, organization and planning of an interior structure rather than just refinishing and furnishing existing interior spaces. It involves managing a business, hopefully meeting the desires of the client and delivering to them an interior environment that is both functional and aesthetically pleasing. There is a lot more to interior design than first meets the eye.
Lignin is the substance that makes plants “woody.” The name lignin originates from the Latin noun “lignum” that means “wood.” Most plants, but not all contain lignin. Lignin found within lignified plants differ in distribution among the parts of the plant, as well as different species of plants (Harkin1969). Lignin is the generic term for a large group of polymers. These polymers accumulate within secondarily thickened walls, making them rigid and resistant. Lignin evolved when plants began adapoting to terrestrial life. Lignin was needed to provide them with structural support that is needed for erect growth. Recent studies have shown the presence of lignin in the marine red alga, Calliarthron, which diverged from vascular plants more than one billion years ago (Vanholme et al. 2010). Lignin is a major component of the cell wall in vascular plants and provides support for plants to stand upright and enables the xylem to withstand negative pressure during water transport. Although lignin is significant for plant growth, this component can negatively affect humans. The presence of lignin limits access to cell wall polysaccharides and can affect humans by its use in livestock feed, lignocellulosic biofuel production, and paper manufacturing. Because of lignin’s significance in plant and human life, it is one of the most extensively studied subjects in biochemistry (Chapple and Li 2010).
Human beings are susceptible to the force of nature. They had to make shelter for themselves. Material was one of the most basic tools to create shelter. By development of building construction, selection and use of materials also developed. The relationship between the architecture and the materials before invention of modern materials was simple and generally naturally [1]; in the past, architects always use tradition materials according their experimental skills. For choosing structural materials, they had attention to important factors such as availability (local materials) and harmony with climate and culture [2], although this way was forward with feedback. But this relationship was not continuing simply.
Each and every piece is conceptualized with designer and a full scale drawing. A prototype is made to finalize the templates before the actual production is commenced. All the furniture is made using traditional joinery, where each piece of furniture is independently fitted and joined to provide with the coordinated greater strength. All the fine details are hand-carved, distinguishing it from assembly line furniture. Each piece of furniture is treated like a piece of art with several long processes before it is finally ready. The wood is sanded properly to bring out its inner beauty and the stunning grain structure. The grains in the wood react with the stain to give the furniture a natural look. We use water-based stains to stain the wood. There is no total destruction or clouding to cover the original grains. In the final finish, we use natural organic ingredients such as shellac dissolved in denatured alcohol and apply it on the surface of the wood. In the end, we finally hand- rub the surface with oil to give an incrustation and protection which gains an gracefully beautiful as it ages.