Autism often referred to as autistic disorder or autism spectrum disorder is one of the most disabling disorders that fall under the pervasive developmental disorders. Pervasive Developmental Disorders or PDD are a group of disorders that are among the most difficult to understand and treat. Autism is a developmental disorder that involves problematic behaviors such as language, perceptual, and motor deficits as well as the inability to function in social situations. Autism is considered one of the most severe and puzzling disorders that occurs in early childhood.
There are varying degrees of signs and symptoms shown in people with autism. Social deficit is commonly seen early on; people with autism typically show no need for affection or contact with others. They have what is referred to as “mind blindness”, where there is an inability to take the attitude of others or see things as others do. People with autism especially children have an absence or severely limited use of speech. They do not effectively learn by imitation and generally use “echolalia” to communicate, which is just the repetition of a few words that persistently echoes the parents verbal behaviors. Self-stimulation is also seen in individuals with autism, taking the form of repetitive moves such as head banging, spinning, and rocking. They generally like things to be arranged a certain way and limit variety. They also show active aversion to auditory stimuli, children will cry at even the softest sounds one minute but then be oblivious to a loud noise the next. Intellectual ability is often impaired in individual with autism. They often show deficits in social reasoning but can manipulate objects. They are generally good at puzzles as long as they do not have ...
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...dications are used to help reduce aggression, self-harming acts, or temper tantrums in children from the ages 5 to 16. Other off-label antidepressants, antipsychotic medication, and stimulants are sometimes also used to deal with the symptoms of autism. Behavioral Treatment has proven to be successful in eliminating self-injurious behavior, mastering fundamental social behavior, and developing some language skills. Best behavioral treatments have been done in the home allowing for more comfort and to keep that aspect of sameness evident. The long term results of autism treatment have been unfavorable, although effective behavioral intervention in attention skills have been noted. Children have a hard time generalizing the behavior learned in treatment outside of treatment making the effectiveness difficult. Children with autism are a long way from becoming “normal”.
Common behaviors exhibited by individuals on the Autism Spectrum are labeled as disruptive and self injurious. Fortunately, these behaviors, that can be dangerous to the Autistic individual and others around them, can be managed with psychopharmacological treatment. Behaviors that often times fall under the category of common disruptive and self injurious behaviors, according to Ji, Capone and Kaufmann (2011), are irritability, impulsivity, having temper tantrums and yelling at inappropriate times. Physically aggressive behaviors, such as biting, scratching, kicking and hitting, are often times, more dangerous than some of the other behaviors exhibited. Physically aggressive behaviors are seen as more dangerous than other type of aggressive behaviors because they can harm someone, and in some instances cause fractures, sprains and in severe instances, can cause death. Bronsard, Botbol and Tordjman (2010) found after researching 74 Autistic children and Adolescence that the most prevalent aggressive behaviors are slapping, pinching, throwing objects, head butting, scratching, tearing, hair/scab/skin pulling, biting, kicking, poking and spitting. Along with physical aggression, individuals on the Autism Spectrum often times display self injurious behaviors. In the study, “Self-Injurious Behaviour in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability”, Richards, Oliver, Nelson and Moss (2012) studied 149 individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder and found that the most common self injurious behaviors displayed are hitting ones-self with their own body, hitting themselves against objects/with objects, biting themselves, pulling/rubbing and scratching self and sodomizing themselves. Researches found that these behavi...
“Treatment of Autism in Young Children: Behavioral Intervention and Applied Behavior Analysis:Infants & Young Children, by Jensen, VK, and Sinclair LV, published in 2002, summarized Oct 19, 2006
Grandpeesheh, D, Tarbox, J, & Dixon, D. (2009). Applied behavior analytic interventions for children with autism: a description and review of treatment research. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 21(3), 63-173.
Autism is a neurological developmental disability that affects a person’s behavior and communication skills (AutismResearchNetwork.org). Commonly, those with Autism are diagnosed very early in childhood. Autism is the fastest- growing developmental disability known, with its prevalence appearing in 1 out of every 68 births (www.autismspeaks.org). The autism spectrum is so large, ranging from mild to severe symptoms, that no two people diagnosed are alike. With autism being the most common disorder among the human race (www.webmd.com), doctors and science, have come together to improve the technology in helping those with autism in many ways. New advancements have been developed to diagnose autism earlier, help create more successful treatments, and to help better an educational plan for people with autism. There are many theories but no known single cause for autism. There are also many treatments but no known cure for autism. In my paper, I am going to review the technology aspect into this disorder. Technology has enhanced different treatments, enabled earlier diagnoses, and furthered education levels in those with autism. The focus of my report will be on these three categories; diagnoses, treatments and education.
They appear unaware of others' feelings toward them and of the negative impact of their behavior on other people. Many children with autism engage in repetitive movements such as rocking and hair twirling, or in self-injurious behavior such as biting or head-banging. They also tend to start speaking later than other children and may refer to themselves by name instead of "I," or "me." Some speak in a sing-song voice about a narrow range of favorite topics, with little regard for the interests of the person to whom they are speaking. People with autism often have abnormal responses to sounds, touch, or other sensory stimulation. Many show reduced sensitivity to pain. They also may be extraordinarily sensitive to other sensations. These unusual sensitivities may contribute to behavioral symptoms such as resistance to being cuddled.
Autism is a general term for a group of complex disorders of brain development. The Autism spectrum is vast and varies in degree of severity from person to person. The challenges that come with Autism Disorder include difficulty in social interactions, verbal and nonverbal communication and repetitive behaviors. Autism has been a diagnosable disorder since 1951. Treatment options have changed since the first diagnosis. Available treatment today has advanced over the sixty-three year span and has become the best possible form of treatment available for Autism.
Autism is mainly characterized by repetitive behaviors, communication difficulties, social impairments, and cognitive impairments. Some of the main symptoms are: hyperactivity, short attention span, unusual eating and sleeping habit, and unusual mood or emotional behaviors. The symptoms of different Autistic people may vary. One person may have very little symptoms while another may have very serious symptoms.
Autism is a form of neurodevelopment disorder in the autism spectrum disorders. It is characterized by impaired development in social interactions and communication, both verbal and non-verbal. There is an observed lack of spontaneous acts of communication; both receptive and expressed, as well as speech impairments. A person diagnosed with Autism will also show a limited range of activities and interests, as well as forming and maintain peer relationships. The individuals will display limited interests, which are often very focused and repetitive. He or she is likely to be very routine oriented and may show behavioral symptoms such as hyperactivity, impulsivity, aggressiveness, and self-injurious behaviors.
Two to six children out of every thousand will end up with Autism. Autism is one of the fastest growing disorders with a great amount of studies being put behind it. With its vast amount of different signs and symptoms, different forms, how its treated, and arguments about how exactly the disorder came to be , Austin can very well be one of the most confusing, and researched disorders, for its a disorder that stirs up tons of questions but yet gets hardly any answers. Autism is usually developed between ages of one and three, it effects communication and how the child interacts with others. It is defined by behaviors of the child and “ spectrum disorders” that re different with each person. (About Autism, 2008, para 1). Symptoms of autism can very in many different ways, and even different categories. Take the category of social interaction and relationships symptoms include : non verbal communication development problems such as , eye - to - eye gazing, body language, and facial expressions, failure to make friends with people their own age, lack of interest, and lack of empathy. The category for verbal and non verbal symptoms include : Delay or lack when learning to talk, about forty person of people with autism never speak, problems with starting, and keeping conversations, repetitive use of language, and difficulty understanding what someone is saying. Finally the category of interests and play include : unusual focus on pieces, preoccupation on certain topics, a need for the same routine, and stereotyped behaviors like hand flapping and body rocking.
Autism is characterized as a developmental disorder that is seen in children by the age of three years old. Autism affects the brains normal, natural development, and causes many impairments. The major impairments that affect an individual are reciprocal socialization, Qualitative impairment in communication, and repetitive or unusual behavior. Signs of Autism can be seen in early infanthood, with proper awareness and resources. An infant child can appear to be adverse to eye contact early on. Some signs in early infancy appear as being indifferent to affection and physical contact. When spoken to, they can appear to be deaf or ignoring the parent or caregiver. Noticing the early red flags of Autism can provide an early intervention and give the child the best chance at learning to tolerate their environment. Children around three years old will display certain signs and symptoms.
Nowadays, the most common treatments for Autism is behavioral therapy. ABA therapy is a very common technique used. (Simpson) The children with Autism are taught general social skills. One way this is taught is through modeling social behaviors to them and teaching them to imitate it.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is known as a neurodevelopmental disorder that is capable of weakening communication, behavior and socialization. Certain types of autism might not be identified until three years of life and it happens more frequently in boys compared to girls. Autism is not curable but it can be controlled using certain type of treatments as there is no specific treatment for autism. The question arises for these articles are if the treatment used was effective? There are many types of treatments that are able to control autism and the types of treatments used in these articles were behavioral involvement which is learning system based on interference approach. This will help to lessen and uphold the target’s behavior. Complementary and alternative medicine and special diets are treatments used in autism as CAM and special diets will be able to maintain autism. Communication interventions are very useful for autism and one of the main communication treatments is speech therapy. It maintains the expressive and receptive communication of children mainly it maintains the expression and enhances symbol learning. Educational therapy plays a role in treating children with autism as it supports children through the condition of visual details.
What is Autism? Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting brain development that occurs in early childhood in 1 out of 68 children. It is characterized by defects in
In conclusion, Pervasive Developmental Disorder categorizes five areas of the autism spectrum. Each area is unique and has its own characteristics as well as life expectancies. While one disorder may result in language impairments, another may be a chronic syndrome that an individual has to live with for the rest of their life. PDD-NOS is a term used to describe an individual who possesses autistic characteristics, but not specifically Autism. PDD is defined under IDEA and each child is capable of receiving educational services such as an IEP, 504 Plan, learning support, or special education. Further research is being developed on the cause of Autism Spectrum Disorders as well as treatments and therapies to assist the children affected by the disorder.
Autism is a disorder characterized by significant problems in communication and social functioning. Autism is actually called Autism Spectrum Disorder and encompasses a broad range disabilities such as Asperger syndrome, Rett’s Syndrome, and Pervavasive Development Disorder (Dunlap & Fox, n.d.). There are also varying degrees of the disorder from low-functioning (no communication and no social interaction) to high-functioning (some communication and inappropriate but existent social skills.)