7 - There are seven requirements of substance: what, this, separable, individual, definite, underlying subject//substratum, and primary. The requirements are all different ways that a substance can be said to be. The, what, is the form of the substance or signifies a substance. The, what, is what substance is made of. For example a person is made up of: hands, feet, eyes, and ears, but these things do not show who the person is. What, is just the form of substance.
The, this, is the essence of a subject. The, this, in a subject is similar to a soul. For example, if there is a group of desks in a room, what makes the individual desk have an essence or this? In substance there is a something that makes it distinct inside of itself, which is
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Aristotle in book two explains that art, which is a perishable substance, has to have an external source of generation. In the Physics it stats, “in so far as they are products of art-have no innate impulse to change” (Pg. 329). In the metaphysics Aristotle clarifies that art does not have this innate impulse to change. In fact, the shape or form of art is accidental because it is left open, meaning that art can potentially take on the shape or form many things. The shape or form depends on the external force that causes the generation of art, and art cannot be generated without this exterior source.
In the metaphysics it states, “ nothing could be generated if nothing were existing before” (Pg. 118). Aristotle in the Metaphysics explains that art generates from art. This may seem like a contradictory, but it is not. Art sill comes from nature, but before art can come to be there has to be an idea of art. So in that sense art generates from art, but art is still produced with products that are generated from nature. The Metaphysics clarifies the different ways art or perishable substances come to be. They come to be through external sources including things like
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In the Metaphysics it states, “in some cases a syllogism is not necessarily form, and in others it follow that there will be Forms even of things of which we think hat no Forms exist” (Metaphysics, 990b10). For example, Plato’s argument will allow for relations to exist by themselves and it will also allow for a third man, but Aristotle denies this and says these things cannot be. Aristotle doesn’t know what Plato’s forms contribute for sensible things because they do not cause motion or change. Forms do not help obtain knowledge of things because the form is abstract and does not exist inside things. In addition, if these forms are abstract then how to they partake or contribute to the sensual world? If they are abstract then it is also possible that the forms could be different than the substances or there could be forms of things that do not
The “Theory of forms” is taught in Plato’s “allegory of the cave”, a thought experiment which makes his point from a real world scenario. He wants us to imagine humans in the conditions of enslavement to the extent that we cannot move and what we can only see are images of everyday objects: pencils, books, tables, letters, etc. What the people, in this condition, are actually seeing are shadows, because behind them there are imperfect representations of the actual objects made out of wood which are moving across their vision as shadows because behind the objects there is a fire which is the only light in this dark cave. Once we at least have semi-clear vision of what this thought experiment entail then we can see what Plato is trying to say in his theory of forms. The shado...
Plato’s view on existence can be understood by discussing his theory of Forms. The theory of Forms or Ideas is about the existence of ideas in higher form of reality, the existence of a reality inhabited by forms of all things and concepts. Plato used example of objects such as table and rock and concepts like Beauty and Justice to illustrate the notion of Forms. Plato further describes Forms as a being possessed by concepts. For example, Virtue has different characters; but they all have a common nature which makes them virtuous.
Plato assumes that there exists two kinds of things in nature more commonly referred to as “the cyclical argument”: forms and opposites (Phaedo 102 a – 103 b). Plato’s forms are related universally, they do not change where ever you go for example: there are a lot of things that are
Stephen Davies, in the philosophy of art, argues, “The impulse to make and consume art is a product of biological evolution,” meaning that “art’s evolutionary significance, plays a crucial role in intensifying and enriching our lives in general, both as individuals and communities (Davies 3). Although I do not believe that art is a product of biological evolution, I do believe that art is valuable to society and does not impede on the development of humanity.
Meanwhile, Aristotle's hylomorphism is necessary here, however, in that he would like to be able to explain how living things are generated and change and grow. “For Aristotle this is the matter. Matter can take on new forms some of which are accidental while some our essential”. It is clear from this quote that Aristotle means something very different by his use of Forms. While Plato believed Forms were universal truths that can only be truly known to the immortal soul, Aristotle believed the Forms to be fully knowable through investigation unlike Plato's theory, “which sees individual things in this world as somehow participating in the unchanging world of the Forms, has difficult with explaining how thing...
The Ultimate Nature of Matter. The theory of quantum mechanics has divided the atom into a number of fundamental sub-atomic particles. Although the physicist has shown that the atom is not a solid indivisible object, he has not been able to find a particle which does possess those qualities. Talk of particles, though, is misleading because the word suggests a material object.
Plato: For today’s class Aristotle and I are going to discuss our ideas on the Theory of Form
He argues that non-physical forms or ideas represent the most accurate reality. There exists a fundamental opposition between in the world like the object as a concrete, sensible object and the idea or concept of the objects. Forms are typically universal concepts. The world of appearance corresponds to the body. The world of truth corresponds with the soul. According to Plato, for any conceivable thing or property there is a corresponding Form, a perfect example of that or property is a tree, house, mountain, man, woman, Table and Chair, would all be examples of existing abstract perfect Ideas. Plato says that true and reliable knowledge rests only with those who can comprehend the true reality behind the world of everyday experience. In order to perceive the world of the Forms, individuals must undergo a difficult
...be subjects whereas accidental things are limited to being only predicates . Substances are the “category proper to unqualified science” and answer the question “What is the thing in question?” .The nine accidents: Quantity, Quality, Relation, Place, Time, Situation, State, Action, and Passion, are used to classify the knowledge, basically the propositions about the aspects of things, provided first by experience and then by art.
Benjamin argues that reproduction devalues art because it no longer has an aura. The aura of an art piece ties it to a specific location and time. He believes that only the original hold a history that cannot be reproduced: “In even the most perfect reproduction, one thing is lacking: the here and now of the work of art-its unique existence in a particular place. It is this unique existence-and nothing else-that bears the ... ...
According to Plato, his Theory of Forms states perfection only lives in the realm of thought. There only exists one of every ideal and the rest is just a copy. This one creation is called a form, the most flawless representation of an idea. In the physical world everything is a copy of these forms and all copies are imperfect. Plato believed in two worlds; the intelligible world and the illusionistic world. The intelligible world is where everything is unchanging and eternal. We can only grasp the intelligible world with our mind. It is the world of ideas and not senses. A place where there are perfect forms of the things we know on Earth. According to Plato everything in the world we live in is an illusion. All objects are only shadows of their true forms. His theory further states every group of objects that have the same defying properties must have an ideal form. For example, in the class of wine glasses there must be one in particular that is the ideal wine glass. All others would fall under this ideal form.
Neither Formalism nor Neo-Formalism is the defining answer to the questions raised in the nature of art. As before, we are left to wonder, what theories will be created and indeed shot down by the philosophy community in relation to the nature of art next?
Aristotle uses his matter/form distinction to answer the question “What is soul?” and explains through his hylomorphic composition (matter, form, the compound of matter and form) to show that the body requires the soul and vice versa. He believes that compounds which are alive, are things that have souls and it is their souls that make them living things. In this essay, I will present Aristotle’s argument of the soul and whether he is successful in arguing for the mutual dependance of soul and body.
Plato also argues for the reality of ideas as the only way to be sure of ethical standards and of objective scientific knowledge. In the Republic and the Phaedo Plato suggests his theory of forms. Ideas or forms are the established archetypes of all phenomenon, and these ideas are the only thing completely real and true; the physical world holds only relative reality for the time being. The forms are simply ...
Art can be defined in many ways by an individual. One can say that any creative output by a person is considered art. Others contend that art must conform to a societal standard and the basis of the creation should be understood by most intellectual people. For example, some contend that computer-generated images, such as fractals, are not art due to the large role played by a computer. E.O. Wilson states “the exclusive role of the arts is to intensify aesthetic and emotional response. Works of art communicate feeling directly from mind to mind, with no intent to explain why the impact occurs” (218). A simple definition may be that art is the physical expression of the ideals formed by the mind.