1. INTRODUCTION
Aquaculture within the agriculture is the fastest growing food production sectors in the world. Fishes are known as the “food gold” of the present as well as future.[1] They are also known to be the richest source of high quality protein. Marine and aquatic environment are home to a vast diversity of organisms ranging from prokaryotes to higher vertebrates. Unfortunately, these environments also act as a sink for a great variety of anthropogenic pollutants, many of which are toxic. Sources for polluting water include burning of fossil fuels, industrial waste water, sewage treatment plants, agriculture and non point source runoff, etc. It is important to have an understanding of the impact and effect of these chemicals on aquatic life forms. Aquaculture is based on ecosystems and accounts for substantial contribution to Indian economy and also provides livelihood to millions of people. Fishes are highly nutritious and consumed as a delicacy food throughout world. A variety of contaminants including to toxic heavy metals (cadmium, arsenic, mercury, lead) are ubiquitously found in rivers, reservoirs and are disadvantageous for aquatic life.[2]
The term “heavy metal” assumes a variety of different meanings throughout the different branches of science. Metals were firstly used by primitive man, which marked the beginning of modern industry and commerce. Earlier during the slow transition from the use of stones to metals various techniques were discovered for the metal extraction from their ores, and these methods were improved upon by early civilizations.[3]Elements fitting this description include lead, mercury, arsenic and cadmium. Heavy metals can be defined as the naturally occurring elements that have a high at...
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...ter in this river remains stagnant for many months in a year.
• Heavy metals presence in the vegetables that are grown with Yamuna water, making them hazardous to health.
• Yamuna now release ammonia gas into the air that causes difficulty in breathing and a permanent damage to lungs. It also releases hydrogen sulphide gas that smells like rotten egg, which causes bronchitis, breathing problems including asthama, excessive pollution of Yamuna has resulted into obliteration of all life forms expect toxic bacteria’s.
• The arsenic level which has increased 20 times in the last 20 years in the river is directly responsible for causing of sudden deaths of about 156 gharials in river chamaland thousands of fishes in the river between Vrindavan and Mathura within one year,
Fig.5: Yamuna water near Okhala barrage, Delhi
Fig.6: Yamuna water near Okhala barrage, Delhi
The Great Lakes system affects our lives in various ways. Not only does this water system affect people, it has an impact on the natural environment as well. The weather, climate, wildlife and habitat are all affected by this arrangement of five lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, and Erie. The lakes are huge and powerful, however they are very fragile when it comes to being mistreated. The ecosystem has been placed under stress in the past, and we now realize the importance of protecting and preserving our lakes. Years ago, a species of carp were brought into the United States to help our lakes, and now they run the risk of destroying them. Asian carp are a species of fish native to Siberia and China, but they were imported by fish farms in the southern United States to control algae and snail population. In the early 1990’s, aquaculture facilities in the southern United States were flooded and the carp escaped into the Mississippi River and spread into northern rivers. The carp moved north becoming the most abundant fish in some areas of the Mississippi river, triumphing over native fish and bringing hardship to the people who fished the river. The carps’ domination over the Mississippi is reason for concern in the Great Lakes region growing concern in the Great Lakes; the Chicago Ship and Sanitary Canal connect the Great Lakes to the Mississippi. Last month, a survey was taken that found Asian carp only 55 miles south of our very own Lake Michigan. Unless the Asian carp are deterred, they will infiltrate our great lakes, potentially bringing disastrous effects to the entire region.
The Red Lionfish (Pterois volitans) is an invasive saltwater predator that is increasing exponentially in the tropics of the western Atlantic (Benkwitt, 2013). The Lionfish invasion is causing a dramatic decline in native marine reef species due the gluttony of the lionfish.
Crayfish are Crustaceans, which is a type of Arthropod. Crayfish has five pairs of legs which are jointed, counting the pinchers it has to pick up food and defend itself. The other four pairs are used for walking legs. They have a hard exoskeleton and as aforementioned, two, big pinchers. They have two small pairs or smaller antennas to sense food in the water and find a mate, while the bigger antennas are used for touch and making sure it doesn’t bump into things. They have two eyes which are on stalks so they can rotate around, and lastly they have a tail to help with steering and swimming. Crayfish will use their pinchers to catch food and also defend themselves if attacked or threatened. Crayfish are closely related to crabs, lobsters, and shrimp. Some species of crayfish are signal crayfish, red swamp crayfish, and rusty crayfish. Crayfish only live in freshwater and can live in moving or standing water. Crayfish are omnivore, so they eat both plants and animals. Most fossils records of crayfish come from the last 30 million years, but there are some
Arsenic is the 20th most common element in the earth’s crust and can be found naturally in our environment. There is around 0.006 to 0.03 ppm or arsenic distributed in seawater, and 20 ppm of arsenic in soil (before pesticides). Every human will ingest about 0.5 to 1 mg of arsenic in a day from food and water, because arsenic is present in higher quantities in se...
Arsenic (As) is a lethal metalloid found in rocks, sediments, water, soil and air. It enters into the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems through a combination of natural processes such as volcanism, process of weathering and biological activity, as well as a result of anthropogenic (Human made) activities. Excessive utilization of As-based pesticides, fertilizers or herbicides, wood preservatives, arsenic additives in domestic animals feeds, pharmaceutical works, electronics industries, ammunition and galvanizing factories, and coal or petroleum incineration (Simith et al., 1998:Matschullat, 2000), and indiscriminate disposal of industrial wastes and domestic (sewage) , as well as mining activities, have resulted in extensive contamination of Arsenic in soil / terrestrial ecosystems attracts worldwide attention principally because of its undesirable impact on human health(Lee et al., 2008; Duker et al., 2005; Liao et al., 2005; Liu et al., 2005; Ongley et al., 2007).
Such is the condition of Texas waterways. The surging population in Texas, the numerous pharma, chemical and oil industries, landowners, farmers and other residents have been recklessly using water. Water is a limited resource and our best efforts in recycling, reusing and conserving water have not yielded the desired results. Climatic changes over the past few decades may have resulted in unpredictable rainfall in Texas. It is important to conserve water without polluting it. It is shocking to know that the drinking water has traces of arsenic, cyanide, nitrates, asbestos and mercury and lead. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the National Geological Survey after conducting studies have shown that water samples containing growth hormones, various antibiotics,birth control drugs, and many other chemicals end up in ground water. The Trinity River is highly polluted with bacteria from sewage. The high water pollution in Texas State by various sources causes environmental hazards and life threatening diseases like cancer and nerve damage; thus the government and community should intensify their efforts to reduce pollution and make drinking water safe.
“Just show me the tackle and give me some bait. Then watch me go fishing, the rest can wait.” Fishing is one of my favorite things to do. It is catching a fish for either food or simply for fun. You can do it by yourself to enjoy the peace and quiet or fish with others to pass the time. Many people think fishing is an old man's sport but I think of it differently. It has helped to form my values, most importantly patience.
In order to protect human health, relevant agencies are supposed to control the harvesting of the shellfish. Human activities that result in water pollution should be controlled and the society given enough sensitization on the need to control pollution (Jinhui, 2005). The governments of affected countries and global agencies should also establish routine monitoring programs and initiate more research studies on measures to control
One should not think that because zebrafish (Danio rerio) are fishes that they are in some ways less than any mammalian species. They certainly are not. Zebrafish are small shoaling cyprinids, named after the prominent black and white stripes patterns of the adults. Native to the Indian subcontinent, those laterally compressed organisms are widely distributed in slow moving streams and stagnant habitats. Where existent, zebrafish are typically the most abundant species (McClure, et al., 2006, p. 562). They also have a short generation time which allows large numbers to hatch in a short period of time. The species has become popular among enthusiasts due to its hardiness, cold resistance, and facility of breeding. Over the years, selective breeding have created numerous different strands.
Over the past century, there has been a substantial rise in the number of fish farms, not only in the United States, but around the world. Fish have proven to have many health benefits and with a decrease in the consumption of livestock meat, there has been an escalation in the development of aquaculture. As a part of the rise in aquaculture, there is a competition to raise larger and better fish. To yield favorable outcomes, aquaculturists have to maintain a comfortable and supporting environment as well as meeting proper nutrient requirements. “Numerous terrestrial plant materials or plant extracts have been used in fish farming for years” (Sato, 2007, p. 109) The addition of terrestrial plants, or plants grown on land, has shown positive
Aquaculture practices involve the breeding and raising of aquatic animals in large nets and cages for the purpose of human consumption (Ackefors & Magnus, 1990). Within these systems, livestock are given specially formulated feeds to promote their growth and antibiotics to reduce the spread of disease throughout the colony. In the 20th and 21st centuries, the outputs of aquaculture stock have increased dramatically as demand for fish and shellfish grows, technology continues to advance, and natural fishery stocks rapidly decline. With the rise in popularity of aquaculture, many people question its safety and environmental impacts. It has been identified that aquaculture systems release massive amounts of pollutants into surrounding waters,
Aquaponics is the combination of both aquaculture, which is fish farming, and hydroponics, which is farming without the use of soil. In aquaponics, plants form a symbiotic relationship with fish allowing for fish to get nutrients from plants, and plants get a supply clean water from the fish. With aquaponics, the plants and fish can grow faster than average due to naturally fortified water from the fish, and nutrient-rich water from the plants. Aquaponics also allows for two types of farming happening at the same time, fish and plants, if the system the fish are in is large enough. Furthermore, aquaponics allows for plants to grow anywhere, without arable land. Many countries are not able to meet the demand for food because of the climate or
Aquaculture Management – Scallop Introduction: Why should you go into aquaculture? Fishes (seafood) are known to produce protein for human consumption more efficiently than any other species, also stated by nutritionists, fish provides healthier forms of protein. http://marinelife.about.com/od/invertebrates/tp/10-Facts-About-Scallops.htm 1st Stage: Collection of spat (scallop larvae) There are two ways to obtain spat to start an aquaculture farm: • Collection of wild spat - set up a series of mesh spat bags suspended in the water column on a line anchored to the seafloor in an area known to have high scallop productivity. The concept of the collection is that the spats will pass through the mesh bag and attach to the material stuffed inside and grow until they are larger than the mesh material to be collected.
The pollutants involved in poisoning water resources in Bhutan are chemical waste produce from industries like automobile workshop and factories into river contaminating it with those waste and creating river pollution and risking the life aquatic species and also due change is pattern of human consumption producing more solid waste and dumping in
Oroian, Viman Oana I. "Damaging Effects of Overall Water Pollution." BioFlux (2010): 113-15. Web. 16 Apr. 2014.