For years studies and observations have been made on the relationship between body size and physical orientation of an animal. In 1847 Carl Bergmann was one of the first to do observations with this phenomenon (Dictionary of Theories 2002). Bergmann noticed that warm-blooded animals living at climates high in latitude are bigger in size than those living in climates of lower latitudes (Dictionary of Theories 2002). Research has shown there is a correlation of surface area to volume in animals that are located in different parts of the globe. Animals living in a cooler climate have a larger volume, but decreased surface area to retain as much body heat as possible. The inverse is true for animals living in warmer regions; these animals have a smaller volume and larger surface area to allow the body to cool efficiently (McNab 1971). Bergmann’s rule has brought valuable insight into the study of character traits and how we identify where animals originated. One example that I came across is with the Andean passerine bird, a study was done in 1991 by G. R. Graves. He noticed the size of ...
Feder and Park present a list of traits that are used by paleoanthropologists to distinguish the appearance of skeletal features and characterize these changes over time. Th...
Many people once believed that pterosaurs were weak flyers, or at least the larger ones were. The idea was that they used their large wings to glide instead of flap like flying creatures. This is now known to be false. Pterosaurs were also thought to be dinosaurs with similar anatomical features. Studies have shown now though that since the pterosaurs were not flappers but active flyers, their hearts were similar to those of mammals with four chambers, needed for an active way of life, unlike reptiles. In the past century, pterosaurs fossils have been known to be found with fur, which leads scientists to believe that pterosaurs needed insulation to keep in heat which indicated pterosaurs were active like mammals and warm blooded. 1
The debate of whether dinosaurs were cold blooded or warm blooded has been ongoing since the beginning of the century. At the turn of the century scientists believed that dinosaurs had long limbs and were fairly slim, supporting the idea of a cold blooded reptile. Recently, however, the bone structure, number or predators to prey, and limb position have suggested a warm blooded species. In addition, the recent discovery of a fossilized dinosaur heart has supported the idea that dinosaurs were a warm blooded species. In this essay, I am going to give supporting evidence of dinosaurs being both warm and cold blooded. I will provide background information on the dinosaur that was discovered and what information it provides scientists.
Every year thousands of animals are euthanized due to animal testing such as cosmetic testing, medical testing, and dissection. (A Critical Look at Animal Experimentation) (Types of Animal Testing) Some of the things we use every day such as; make up, soap, furniture polish, and varieties of cleaning supplies, are tested on rabbits, guinea pigs, dogs, cats, and other animals. (Animal Testing) Cosmetic testing is used to test a product and its ingredients, medical testing finds cures for different illnesses; and dissection is used to help high school students in science classes have a better understanding of the class or students undergoing the medical field in college. (Animal Experimentation) Animal testing is not required by law; it is only used to protect companies from consumer lawsuits, provided new research for diseases, and provide a visual learning experiment for students. (A Critical Look at Animal Experimentation) It has been proven that there are more reliable and less expensive alternatives to animal testing, such as; computer models and cell and tissue tests. Animal experimentation should be eliminated because it is an inhumane method for testing purposes.
World Archaeology, 31:3:329-350. Mitani, J.C. et al 1996 Sexual Dimorphism, the Operational Sex Ratio, and the Intensity of Male Competition in Polygamous Primates. The American Naturalist, 147:6:966-980. Rogers, Alan R. and Arindam Mukherjee 1992 Quantitative Genetics of Sexual Dimorphism in Human Body Size.
Current animal testing has been a contentious subject ever since it started off 150 years back. Although a lot of people discover animal testing inhumane and egoistic, it is a important factor to boost our understanding of medication and to improve our understanding of science. Animal testing, to some, is the way to ameliorating our level of living and preserving many lives, and therefore has many benefits. On the other hand, the negatives may not be passed, and scientists are constantly trying to decrease the damages with some methods they create in the process. Even so, to the dismay of numerous animal lovers in addition to those who are endeavoring for animal rights, animal testing will not be stopped every time soon because, for now, it is the most trustworthy form of testing that includes the safety of daily products we use more carefully than any other procedure.
According to fossil records, Velociraptor stood at a height of only 2 feet and a length of 5 ½ feet (Glut, 1997). Velociraptor was roughly the size of a modern-day turkey, and the Velociraptor depicted in the film is closer in size to Deinonychus (Currie, 1997). In addition to the inaccurate size, paleontologists have discovered that Velociraptor possessed feathers. Quill knobs were found on the posterior forearm, which are identical in size and shape to the quill knobs found on present day birds that serve as anchor points for flight feathers (Turner, Makovicky, & Norell, 2007). The discovery of a new dinosaur with well-preserved feathers, Zhenyuanlong, which was a closely related cousin to Velociraptor presents strong evidence that it possessed feathers as well.
For the location of my naturalistic observational study I chose a public park with a splash pad which I frequently visit with my daughter. Since this site is quite popular with locals at any given time of the day there are at least over a dozen people present. As the park is designed for the entertainment of children the age group of the people varies. There are young children accompanied by their parents and grandparents as well as teenagers in groups. Therefore the above discussed park proved to be the greatest preference for me to observe the behavior of people in a natural setting.
... increases the surface area of the body for optimal cooling, and the ASIAN EYE FOLD possessed by Asian and Inuit peoples of Mongolian descent effectively helps protect the eyes from the freezing winds and strongly reflected solar radiation found in Arctic climates. This later example demonstrates the other side of evolutionary adaptations – that they are just as gradually lost as they are acquired, and may in fact become maladaptive if the climate warms or the people migrate to warmer environments.
The northern sparrows have adapted to a larger body than the southern sparrows, in order to survive lower temperatures. Along with these similarities, evolution and creation both acknowledge that apes and humans show resemblance. Evolution and creation both recognize the comparable characteristics that humans and apes acquire.
I will argue that it is a better option for humans to not accept the doctrine of Animal Rights, and I will offer three reasons to support this claim. Firstly, Animal Rights can be limiting to the advancement of human health. Secondly, there are alternatives to accepting the Animal Rights. Finally, Animal Rights does not support animal control, which is important for sustaining the ecosystem. The second point will be discussed as an extension of the first point.
Animal rights have unequivocally been a major concern amongst humans for some time now. Animal rights are based on the notion that non-human animals should be allowed to live freely: free from abuse and suffering, as humans are. The extreme issue amongst humans is whether or not non-human animals have the capacity for rationality to deserve such equal consideration. When examining the issue of animal rights, one may have come to question one’s psyche on whether or not animal rights are ethical.
For centuries, animals have been known as man’s companions, a form of therapeutic relief, and a source for human joy and entertainment. However, animals are being tortured and treated cruelly for the sake of human prosperity all over the country. Animal testing as a means of researching medical advancements and product quality for consumers is a large problem in today’s society. The research experiments executed with animals in the name of scientific discovery call into question the compassion and integrity of the human spirit. If we do not put an end to animal testing in the United States, many animals will suffer in anguish through the torment inflicted upon them in a product testing lab. Product testing on animals should be illegal, because animals are killed or kept in captivity their entire life, substances that are tested on animals may never be released for human use, and there are alternatives available to testing on animals.
Stray animals are dangerous reason being is children or elderly people can be bit while walking or playing around at parks. I live in Mercedes and at one point when I was walking from stars to the high school, and stray dog for no reason started growing at me and my instinct was to run until I got the a building. This can happen to anyone, they can be attacked trying to touch a stray or just simply walking by, or even worse a child can catch a disease. Also owners with their pets are also getting attacked by stray animals because they strays tend to be over protective of their territory, or they just want to fight with the pet of the owner.
The use of animals in medical research began in the early years of physicians such as Aristotle (384-322 BC), Erasistratus (304-258 BC) and Galen (129-199/217 AD). These physicians performed experiments on animals to understand things such as anatomy and physiology. An experimental method for testing surgical procedures was introduced by Ibn Zuhr, an Arab physician; surgical procedures were carried out on animals before it was applied to human patients.