-Background-
The history of Egypt is really ancient which can be traced back 7000 BC.’Over several thousand years, environmental changes and foreign influences molded the gradual development of a civilization that was, in the final analysis, distinctly and uniquely Egypt. In ancient Egypt, the egg was seen as a symbol of birth and resurrection, and indeed, Egypt was as an egg itself, nourishing its people from within, while providing a hard shell to protect them from outside hazards. As the savannahs dried up to become deserts, forcing their inhabitants into a more densely packed population, they also cradled and protected these people, allowing them to incubate along the rich, fertile Nile into the grand empire we find in later times.’[1].Egypt
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People want a new government to replace the Mubarak government and to end the corruption happened in the government. Egyptians want to change their living conditions. People gathered into major cities center and protest the government. Later, Mubarak government was pushed away by the military. And the military lays out a new plan to let people do a election to elect a new president of Egypt to end the situation which is very nervous and dangerous between government and people.Morsi finally won the election and became a kind of democratic president who was the first civilian leader in Egypt. People at beginning satisfied their own president who they elected.However, Morsi proposed a new draft constitution of the country. This time he made his people disappointed and he showed his ambitious on controlling this country. He made Egypt go back the dictatorial country. People restarted the protests. But government sent police to suppress protesters. There were riots and fight everyday, as well as the casualties.
‘“Women, Christians, intellectuals, all these were sidelined in the new constitution. They would say, ‘You can have liberty of expression, freedom, etc. — if it is in conformity with Sharia.’”
— Mona Makram-Ebeid, former member of Parliament (2011-2012)’[5]
Finally, the general of the military Sisi ordered Morsi to come up with a new solution or leave the office. Sisi became the president of Egypt and he helped this country transit to
At the beginning of the Suez Canal crisis many individuals felt hostility towards each other and the main concern was the ownership of the Suez Canal and to who exactly would gain the authority to run it on their own accord. In 1954 Gamal Abdul Nasser came to power in Egypt, he was once formally known as an Egyptian army officer, before becoming a politician. After the attack of the Israelis in Gaza, Egypt to protect Israel from hostility the Egyptians had been putting forward against them; many Egyptians felt hatred for the Egyptian king, this led to a democratic system being built and that was how Nasser came to power in a democratic society in which he was able to play on the hearts of Arab Nationalism. When the cold war began to surface Britain asked Egypt to join an anti-soviet alliance with them in times of need, for Egyptian Suez Canal was in the authority of Britain making Egypt an ally of the United Kingdom. Nasser refused saying t...
Any study on Modern Egyptian history naturally begins with Nasser, Egypt’s first President after the Free Officers revolution in 1952. Nasser was the foremost proponent of pan-Arabism, an ideology that called for close ties between the Arab states, presumably under the leadership of Egypt, one of the most powerful states in the Middle East at the time. Compared to other states in the Arab World, Nasser’s Egypt was stable, militarily powerful, and independent of foreign influence. From this position of re...
El-Sisi became president in 2014 in hopes that he will “restore order” in Egypt after facing the Muslim Brotherhood (The Week Staff).
Egypt has one of the longest histories of any nation in the world. Written history of Egypt dates back to about 5,000 years, the commencement of civilization. While there is divergence in relation to Early Egyptian times, it is said that Egypt came to be around 3200 B.C., during the reign of a king by the name of Menes and unified the northern and southern cities of Egypt into one government. In 1675 B.C., Egypt was invaded by the Hyksos, people from the east, bringing along the very first of chariots and horses ever to come across Egyptian soil. Approximately 175 years later in 1500 B.C., the Egyptians had gotten rid of the Hyksos and driven them out. In 1375 B.C., Amenhotep IV had become the king of Egypt. During his reign he eliminated the worship of Egyptian gods and initiated the idea of only worshipping one god. But after his death, his ideas were retired and old ways were reestablished. Egyptian supremacy then started to decline around 1000 B.C. Between 1000 B.C. and 332 B.C., Egypt was ruled by many such as the Libyans, Assyrians, Ethiopians, and Persians. In 640, Muslims conquered Egypt and founded the city of Cairo in 969 and deemed it as the capital of Egypt. For many centuries Egypt was ruled by Muslim caliphs. A prominent ruler of this period was Saladin, who battled the Christian Crusaders at the conclusion of the twelfth century. In 1798 Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Egypt but was then forced to withdraw in 1801 Turkish and British armed forces. In 1805 Mohamed Ali began ruling Egypt till 1848 and great changed the country in terms of modernization and its military. During Mohamed’s conquest, he borrowed a lot of money from the French and British, which later resulted in Egypt’s coloniza...
Wright, J, 'Mubarak Failed To Build Succession Framework', Reuters, 31 January 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2011< http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/01/31/us-egypt-mubarak-succession-idUSTRE70U4KF20110131
The new leader objective was to benefit the Muslim brotherhood which made the greater inequality. Rather than fix the social injustice that his followers lived for decade, he gave himself special authority which Mubarak would never think of doing. In August, he cancelled the SCAF's constitutional declaration. He also forced defense minister and SCAF chairman Hussein Tantawi to retire, along with his deputy, Sam Enan. Some 70 top military generals followed them out to pasture. Morsi had stood up to the most powerful institution in Egypt and prevailed. At the end of 2012, Morsi triggered another rebellion by his decree on a new constitution which will immune him to all juridical laws. As he tries to get the title of pharaoh rebellion burst at the Tahrir Square. The result were obvious, around 90% of the population are in the Muslim brotherhood and the minority who are the Christians and exiled Muslims are the pillars of justice who reject the constitution. At the start of 2013, Morsi was treated as a pharaoh.At his anniversary of presidency, the nation regroups at the symbol of peace, the square to remove once again a corrupt leader. A petition of over 22milions citizens was signed to remove Morsi. Eventually, the symbol of inequality was once again
The Egyptian January 2011 revolution initially created hopes that a genuine process of Egyptian democratization would take off under the leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood, a religious, political and social movement. The June 2012 presidential elections, brought the group’s candidate, Mohamed Morsi, in office. While in power the Muslim Brotherhood kept and enforced many laws and articles from the old regime to maintain control of the country. The continuation of torture and murder behind bars under the Muslim Brotherhood disqualifies it as a rebellion as Camus clarifies, “to exist, man must rebel, but rebellion must respect the limit it discovers in itself”( Camus 22). On June 26, 2013, El Nadim Center for Rehabilitation of Victims of Violence, published a report in which it described torture during the first year of Brotherhood rule as “widespread and systematic.” “ The report documented 359 cases of torture and 217 cases of torture-related deaths over the period from June 30, 2012, to May 31, 2013” (Selim 193). The transgression in Muslim Brotherhood regime through the use of violence to punish it opponents oversteps the boundaries of a rebel. The main complaint of the Egyptians citizens was that the Muslim Brotherhood failed to live to its promise to get rid of authoritarianism and put Egypt on a path toward democracy. Under
to 2650 B.C., changed his name to the more commonly known Zoser. It was Zoser
The Egyptian military coup took place on July 3, 2013. Before this time, Egypt was under the leadership of Mohammed Morsi from the Freedom and Justice Party. Mr.Morsi was the first freely democrat elected president in the history of Egypt. Immediately after engineering the coup, the military leaders suspended the constitution and endorsed Adly Mansour as the temporary acting president. Even though observers clearly pointed out that the action by the military constituted a coup, the US government was reluctant to term it a coup. According to Reuters (par. 6), a US congressional delegation paid a visit to Egypt in January 2014, where they concluded that the country was on th...
Mubarak was a very powerful leader and let law become an arbitrary tool to govern people. Since 1981, Following Sadat's death, Mubarak became the fourth president of Egypt, and the chairman of the National Democratic Party (NDP). He was the longest serving Egyptian president and his term lasted 29 years. Hosni Mubarak and his N...
egypt had many different government officials some on a national level some on a regoinal level
In Egypt, the political system was based on a one man dictator, Hosni Mubarak, who held his regime for 30 years. He governed the citizens of Egypt, a...
When most people think of Egypt, images of barren deserts, towering pyramids, and ancient Pharaohs are the usual. However, almost 4 years ago a new face of Egypt was shown to the world, a face of the people. On January 25th, 2011 the Egyptian populace joined together in an attempt to overthrow Authoritarian President Hosni Mubarak by overtaking Tahrir Square in protest.
First off, the last thing Nasser and the Free Officers needed after the coup was a resurgence of the Wafd or problems of any other parties such as the communists or Muslim Brotherhood. At certain points during the coup and later dealing with the British, the Muslim Brotherhood and communists worked in conjunction and were even partially represented with the RCC (Thornhill 905) primarily due to the resentment for the current regime. To solve this however the Free Officers had to play it careful, it started out by keeping Ali Maher as prime minister, who talked of how the Free Officers involvement would only be brief and elections would soon be reinstated. This gave the British the idea that order was being kept in Egypt and Maher was for the most part in control, because of this the British wouldn’t see as much of a need to storm into Egypt and risk inciting anti-British riots.
Egypt has been thru an extremely rough, deadly and horrific revolution and it is still not over. However, it all started with a corrupt government not abiding by basic human, economic and property rights. Which then lead to a series of large protests. There was a large suicide bombing of a church that killed 21 people and injured 79, this bombing left many Christians completely livid and sent them on a rampage in Cairo. This bombing sort of sparked the revolution in Egypt. On February 11, 2011 President Mubarak announced that he was going to step down and the army council was going to take over, this happened because of the countless protests of people fighting, screaming and getting arrested for the President to do so. Many other protests and political moves occurred between the beginning of the revolution and now, but the current situation in Egypt consists of two conflicting things that they need to work out, one is that they need to restore economic stability. The other is that they need to create new jobs and make living out of poverty possible for the 26% that are living in it right now and the other 49% that can’t supply the basic the basic need for