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Essays about the definition of survival
Critical analysis of the indian civilization
Critical analysis of the indian civilization
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A House for Mr. Biswas deals with a theme of deeper significance, the theme of selfhood where an individual quests for identity and struggles to acquire a personal place for which the ‘’House’’ stands as an evocative symbol all through. The possibility of acquiring a personal place in the New World is suggestive of a fragile hope. In this novel, Naipaul also expresses a hope for the developing a unity or a kind of bond among the people in this world. Soon after this, in The Mimic Men, we find that hope gives way to utter despair and hopelessness. Naipaul, in fact, launches the act of purgation of his system of all dreams of possibility in his non-factional work An Area of Darkness. We may, in actuality in his non-factional work. We may, in …show more content…
The book An Area of Darkness thus records the failure of his attempts to come to terms with it. During his stay in India Naipaul realized that racial similarities had no meaning and that his Trinidadian upbringing and western education had rendered him a colonial without a country, an international man, a product of an empire that had withdrawn. The book, in a way, comes handy to purge his soul of India.
In the latter book India: A Wounded Civilization Naipaul adopts a pragmatic approach to prove his point on the postcolonial society. What he seeks and hears around in India, he relates to men who reflect or transmit culture, to concepts, and assumptions such as “Dharma’’ and “Karma” at the back of the Hindu attitude. He finds Gandhi and R.K. Narayan as more or less representing the old morality, and Vijay Tendulkar and U.R. Ananthamurthy as reflecting the inadequacy “new morality,’’ whereby individuals realizing the inadequacy of post myths strike out on their own. Naipaul says, in the “Foreword’’ India is for me a difficult country. It isn’t my home and cannot be my home, and yet I cannot reject it or be indifferent to it . Thus the spiritual fix in which he finds himself while he is face to face with India is not of divided Loyalties but of divided energies. This is what Naipaul says of Gandhi in An Area of
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The Indian background from which he comes is submerged in a mixed culture whose other components is equally croded and twisted, and it exercises an oppressive hold on people’s sentiments. The West Indian and East Indian cultures are products of cultural displacement oppressed by a sense of dereliction. The absence of any well–defined traditions promotes or necessitates such pragmatic qualities as cleverness, resourcefulness, common sense, and manipulation of people and circumstances. The need to survive becomes the immediate requirement of the individuals, and all of Naipaul’s characters turn out to be experts in what art of surviving at all odds. Naipaul is very much interested in what happens to individuals in a colonial ethos. It is in tracing the rites of passage through which these individuals have to pass that Naipaul the ironist surfaces. One of the major themes of Naipaul’s work is the colonial artist discovering his own artistic potentialities. For a West Indian writer who is disinherited by all traditions and at the same time exposed to all traditions, the problem of becoming a writer is in itself an assertion, of independence and identity. Living is in borrowed culture, the west Indian, more the most, needs writers to tell him who he is and where he stands. Naipaul’s work is in sense as implicit
In attempting to define the history and modern identity of postcolonial nations, Partha Chatterjee calls to attention the many paradoxes inherent in the cultural fabric of India. It is a country, he notes, with a modern culture based on native tradition that has been influenced by its colonial period. This modern culture contains conflicts and contradictions that create the ambiguity in India’s national identity. U. R. Anantha Murthy’s understands Indian culture as a mosaic pattern of tradition and modernity. He writes of a heterodox reality where the intellectual self is in conflict with the emotional, the rational individual experiences the sad nostalgia of the exile from his traditional roots and in fluctuating between belief and non-belief he works out his dilemmas. This paper attempts a reading of the transgression of “Love Laws” in Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things as not only the representation of this heterodox modernity in the personal domain as a reflection of the larger national conflict but also a postcolonial writer’s dilemmas in search for an identity and their troubles in expressing it.
... 134). To Americans, India still continues to be an exotic land of fairytale. They also ask him questions on ‘recent rise of Hindu fundamentalism’ which Gogol, like any ordinary American kid, is oblivious to the current affairs of India. Another American lady Pamela comments that Gogol is lucky because he would not fall sick if he visits India like her friend had. Inspite of Gogol’s emphasis that his parents “devote the better part of suitcase to medicine . . .” Pamela cannot be convinced because to her Gogol’s identity is essentially to that of an Indian. It is apparent to a native American Gogol is a representative of India, a land of exotic culture, palaces, and simultaneously a land of diseases. In reality Gogol is like any other American kid of his generation but he cannot truly blend in their life as his first identity is ‘Indian’ and to that of an ‘outsider’.
According to Lionel Trilling, novel is a perpetual quest for reality and one of the most effective agents of our imagination. The Indian novel in English has now become an integral part of Indian English. In between 1920 and 1950’s the themes in Indian English Novels were mostly depicted on national movements for political independence. After Independence most of the Indian English Novelists shifted their focus from nationalistic zeal to find new themes and portray them. They began to delineate from their works and set about for the individual’s quest for the ‘self’.
Nayar says, “Amitav Ghosh is indisputably one of the most important novelists and essayists today. A novelist with an extraordinary sense of history and place, Ghosh locates an individual’s dream in the general, often uncontrollable, sweep of humanity’s destiny and actions. From the partition to colonial science to colonialism, Ghosh is interested in the ways in which the violence of history, geography and political alters lives. An extraordinary fine stylist and narrator, Ghosh is also, quite often, a dense read.
Mehta, Kamal. “Naipaul as a Short Story Writer”. V. S. Naipaul: Critical Essays Vol. 3. Edited by Ray, Mohit Kumar. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers, 2005. Print.
There are stories within the stories depicted in numerous vignettes. Set in 1980s, the novel gives a graphic account of a cross section of Indian society in characters like Jemubhai Patel, a former judge, his teenaged granddaughter Sai and their cook, Panna Lal who live in a house in the north East Indian town Kalimpong, Biju, the cook's son, Gyan, Saeed, Haresh- Harvy and the two sisters, Lolita and Nonita. All these figures are the inheritors of loss, in terms of dislocation of place, wealth and progress. They are all transformed from their 'native' identity into something quite different, a " Westernized native". Rather, they are negotiating with a state of non-identity. Caught between two worlds, the characters negotiate a new social space; caught between two cultures and often languages the writer also negotiates a new literary space. They are all haunted by questions often asked by an immigrant: Who am I? Where do I
In this book writer has also used the perspective of psychoanalysis to examine lahiri’s fiction and it has also used different ideas of Sigmund fraud, Andre Greene and Julia kristeva. The book comprises of four chapters and the first chapter of the book Diaspora Hereafters pertains the gap between first generation and second generation. First generation In Unaccustomed Earth is Indian American Immigrants with their American born children living in a community of diaspora, maintaining their American identity and also resisting their parent’s love for past life, migration experience and their memories of their mother country (1). Jhumpa lahiri’s interviews always gives an indication that after her parent’s death she felt she had lost her identity (2). The second chapter is Revenant Melancholy which deals with Kaushik crime and exile. The third chapter is Dead Mothers and Haunting which describes intentions of Hema. The fourth chapter is Future of Diaspora which explains the loss of immigrants’ identity and loss of mother land. Still this books lacks in describing immigrants predicaments due to shift in their identities. Though researcher has defined the problems of immigrants but lahiri’s play of continuous shifting identities is not even touched by
Kim gives a vivid picture of the complexities in India under British rule. It shows the life of the bazaar mystics, of the natives, of the British military. There is a great deal of action and movement, for Kipling's vast canvas painted in full detail. The dialogue in the novel makes use of Indian phrases translated by the author, they give the flavor of native speech in India. They are also touches of the native behavior and shrewdness.
In both of these short stories, both Naipaul and Lessing explore the topic of post-colonial cultural identity though a diverse lens. Primarily, these authors explore the context of race, and class, something that prevalent in all of our lives wherever we come from. By opening these diverse lanes of communication through literature, each author has only made their country a better but the world as well, i.e. the mission of Nobel Laureates.
In sum, through their dichotomies of the British and Indian relationship during the emergence of India to independence, Forster and Scott allow the reader to free themselves of their prejudices and open up to their views on historical culture. Forster ‘attaches to India through extravagant metaphorical meanings and anthropomorphisms’ whilst Orwell stated that he ‘didn’t do prophecy’ and that he would not ‘put anything into it that human societies have not already done.’
Generally, in the depiction of the immigrant woman’s negotiations with the New World, Bharati Mukherjee’s treatment of the past spacetime becomes crucial. Usually, her novels portray the past spacetime as a circumscribing space that must be escaped in order to (re)construct identity. For instance, in Wife, Mukherjee depicts Dimple’s inability to escape from the past as an inability to transform into an American individual who has the agency to define her self. On the other hand, in Jasmine, the protagonist almost completely rejects her past and her Indianness to facilitate her transformation and assimilation in America. Both novels depict the past as a constricting spacetime. However, in Desirable Daughters, instead of depicting the past as an essentialist, fixed entity that thwarts the transformation of identity, Mukherjee highlights the active participation of the past spacetime in (re)defining identity. Mukheree’s new artistic vision parallels Homi Bhabha’s theory of the performative space, whose dynamicity challenges pedagogical fixity and contributes to the continual (re)structuring of both individual identities and nation-spaces. Meanwhile, Mukherjee’s new treatment of the past spacetime resolves some of the dialectical strands of her artistic vision. To delineate the dissolution of these dialectics, this article traces Mukherjee’s portrayal of the past spacetime, first as an essentialist entity, then as a fluid metaphor, and lastly as an ambivalent entity that helps the protagonist redefine her identity. In the process, critics who brush off Mukherjee’s novels as having an Orientalist vision may be made to reconsider her aesthetics as well as her novels.
Leonard Woolf considers E.M Forster’s novel A Passage to India to be a representation of ‘’the real life of politics in India, the intricacy of personal relations, the story itself, the muddle and the mystery of life’’ (Jay, 1998). Fosters novel has been the subject of literary criticism from many angles given the highly controversial subject matter which is called into question as to whether it is a genuine representation of India under colonisation written from an objective experience, and whether this attempt to represent India is successful or a failure. The question of how successful this representation of India and the British occupation of the country is will form the argument of this work. Forster makes it known to the readers of the novel that when he first began to compose A Passage to India he had felt that he did not know India well enough to continue in an accurate portrayal, therefore returned later to India before completing the novel. In the time of his second visit, Forster felt that he was able to understand the ways in which the Anglo-Indians behaved towards the natives and also that he became better acquainted with the Indian natives. This would suggest that his writing would be objective portraying both sides of the divide without prejudice towards either class.
Marginalization of the people of this region could be seen in vogue in the historical writings as well as the theoretical framework of the intellectuals. Popular intellectuals of the academic circle such as Eric Wolf’s ‘people without history’, E.P Thompson’s ‘ unsung voices of history’, Genovese’s ‘ objects and subjects of history’, Ranajit Guha’s ‘Subaltern’, Lacan’s ‘ others’, Sharia’s ‘ hybrid histories’ and many other intellectuals continuously questions the validity of the existing orthodox historical discourses of the marginalized down through the ages. The mainstream society carries on a continuous, harsh and systematic attack on the social system of the Northeast, their culture, their tribal identity and their way of life. The debts of mainstream India to the efforts and struggles of the tribes of this region during the colonial regime and even in the pre- colonial days should be acknowledged by re- writing the history of our country. The history of their struggles is not only documented in their scripts but also in their folktales, dances and songs that passed on from one generation to the other. In sh...
...nial institution--one voice which would articulate their own sense of national identity. But exploration of these societies, and the literature produced by postcolonial authors and poets illustrates that there is a veritable infinite number of differing circumstances inherent in each postcolonial society, and, consequently, in each piece of literature produced by postcolonial writers. If one is to read this literature in a way which will shed some light on the postcolonial condition, one must understand and adopt the theory that we are all walking amalgamations of our own unique cultures and traditions. We are all always struggling with our own identities, personal and national. We must understand that there is no "one true voice" representing an easily identifiable postcolonial condition, but, instead, each author is his or her own voice and must be read as such.
V. S. Naipaul, the mouthpiece of displacement and rootlessness is one of the most significant contemporary English Novelists. Of Indian descent, born in Trinidad, and educated in England, Naipaul has been placed as a rootless nomad in the cultural world, always on a voyage to find his identity. The expatriate sensibility of Naipaul haunts him throughout his fiction and other works, he becomes spokesman of emigrants. He delineates the Indian immigrant’s dilemma, his problems and plights in a fast-changing world. In his works one can find the agony of an exile; the pangs of a man in search of meaning and identity: a dare-devil who has tried to explore myths and see through fantasies. Out of his dilemma is born a rich body of writings which has enriched diasporic literature and the English language.