Aluminium is present in the earth's crust in huge amount, mainly in the form of insoluble aluminium silicates. It is scarce in the human body which contain only 30-50 mg of that metal. This is due to the insolubility of aluminium, the presence of a barrier in the gastro-intestinal tract to soluble forms of aluminium, and the ability of the kidneys to excrete aluminium effectively in healthy people. Aluminium is present in food occurs in additives, tea which is rich in aluminium, and drinking water which is treated with aluminium to remove organic residues. Aluminium is also present in large amounts in medications such as antacids or compound aspirin products. Most of the aluminium in plasma is bound to the iron-transporting protein transferrin. Aluminium accumulates in areas of the brain with the highest concentration of transferrin receptors such as the cortex, hippocampus and amygdala; the same areas vulnerable to the development of Alzhiemer disease. The distribution of Aluminium in the brain reflects the neurones with the highest requirements for iron. The entry of aluminium into the brain mediated through transferrin. The issue of aluminium as cause for Alzheimer's disease has been contentious. In special circumstances such as renal failure and massive exposure to aluminium in certain occupations aluminium may cause brain pathology similar to Alzheimer Disease. However, there is no definite evidence of the role of this metal in the causation or development of Alzheimer disease. Some cases of Presenile Alzheimer disease (occurring before the age of 65) run in families and are associated with mutation in the beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene implicated in Alzheimer Disease. Elderly cases of Alzheimer disease ... ... middle of paper ... ...lation between Alzheimer's disease and aluminium in drinking water: CN Martyn, C Osmond, JA Edwardson, DJP Barker… - The Lancet, 1989 Absence of aluminium in neuritic plaque cores in Alzheimer's disease : JP Landsberg, B McDonald… - 1992 - nature. Selective accumulation of aluminum and iron in the neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer's disease: a laser microprobe (LAMMA) study : PF Good, DP Perl, LM Bierer… - Annals of [HTML] Metabolism and possible health effects of aluminum.from nih.gov PO Ganrot - Environmental Health Perspectives, 1986 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Brain-aluminium concentration in dialysis encephalopathy: JR McDermott, AI Smith, MK Ward, IS Parkinson… - The Lancet, 1978 - Elsevier Aluminium as a risk factor in Alzheimer's disease, with emphasis on drinking water: from anti-cancer.fr TP Flaten - Brain Research Bulletin, 2001 - Elsevier
Aluminum is the third most abundant element and most abundant metal in the Earth’s crust. Aluminum is never found in the free element state in nature. It
In 1970, Alfrey and collaborators described a disease called dialysis encephalopathy (DE). This degenerative disease was seen in renal failure patients who had been undergoing dialysis. Studies following this initial report have implicated Al++ intoxication as a probable cause for the development of the disease. The purpose of this paper will be to describe the possible mechanisms by which Al may in fact act as a contributory factor the in induction of neural degeneration that may lead to DE.
Clinically, Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaque between living neurons in the brain (Sabbagh, 2008). This results in an excessive calcium influx inside the neurons and the breakdown of a protein called tau. Normally, the rol...
of diagnosis is about 80 years old (Johnson, 1989). The incidence is about the same for all races, but women are more likely than men to develop the disease, because they live longer. The second factor is heredity. Family history plays a role in about forty percent of people with early onset of Alzheimer’s (Johnson, 1989). If your parents or a sibling developed the disease, you are more likely to, as well. But there are cases of families with several people who have had this disease and other members are not affected. These two factors are the only proven factors, but environmental research is being done to help with a possible protective effect for the disease. As of now, more research is needed to confirm any be...
...norganic form. The glutathione conjugation has proven to excrete arsenic compounds from inside the cell. Most arsenicals are conjugated with GSH in the liver and transported outside the cells. However, in some cases it cannot be said for certain if GSH is conjugated with certain arsenicals enzymatically or non-enzymatically. GSH reduces arsenate to arsenite and arsenite is then complexed. Its suggested that As(III) can be regulated by the presence of GSH. Glutathione S-transferase-omega (GSTO) is another compound under scrutiny because it is believed that this compound assists in the formation of arsenic-glutathione conjugates. Recent studies have focused on AS3MT as one of the main enzymes involved in the metabolism of inorganic arsenic because it may be used to convert iAs to MMAV and DMAV. However, in some cases it has been seen that AS3MT is inhibited by As(III)
Alzheimer’s disease got its name from the German doctor, Dr. Alois Alzheimer. In 1906, he noticed that there were abnormal clumps and bundles of fibers i...
...t one has it. Many scientists hypothesize that there is an inflammatory response in the brain when there is an extensive B-42 amassing. To slow or stop this, scientists theorize that the use of anti-inflammatory drugs, such as aspirin, could delay the swelling in the brain. Also, as scientists have known that taking a multi-vitamin tablet each day is good for you, there has been recent research demonstrating that the use of antioxidants may protect neurons, not just the immune system and keeping the body healthy by providing vitamins and minerals. These special supplements protect the neurons from the effects of the accruing B-Amyloid that would likely cause the plaque that causes AD.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive, terminal, degenerative brain disease. It is the fourth leading cause of death in adults and currently affects over four million people in the United States. This number is expected to increase over the next several years as the baby boomers age, until it reaches fourteen million by the year 2025.
Thesis/Preview Statement – Alzheimer’s disease (AD) causes a decline in brain function, it destroys healthy nerve cells. Today, we have discussed Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis of AD.
Alzheimer’s disease or AD is an incurable disorder of the brain that results in loss of normal brain structure and function. In an AD brain, normal brain tissue is slowly replaced by structures called plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The plaques represent a naturally occurring sticky protein called beta amyloid and in an Alzheimer’s brain, sufferer’s tend to accumulate too much of this protein. Neurofibrillary tangles represent collapsed tau proteins which, in a normal brain along with microtubules, form a skeleton that maintains the shape of the nerve cells. In Alzheimer’s disease, the tau proteins break loose from their normal location and form tangles. Without the support of these molecules, nerve cells collapse and die. As normal brain structure is lost with progression of the disease, brain function also degenerates. Patients afflicted with Alzheimer’s disease display a gradual mental decline. Initially, and most apparently, there is a loss of short-term memory. Eventually, as a patient progresses to later stages of the disease, the brain becomes so damaged that patients can no longer communicate or recognize immediate family or even themselves. They have difficulty walking and standing and frequently fall. In the final stages, they lose bladder and bowel control and have difficulty with swallowing, frequently leaving them malnourished and dehydrated. Eventually, they are forced to remain bedridden and, without the help of life-prolonging measures provided in a hospital, die. However, this level of deterioration is severe and may take as long as twenty years. Because of the disease’s slow progress and its usual later start in a person’s life, a victim of AD will usually die first of natural causes. Under the objectives ...
Paulson is the Lucile Groff Professor Neurology for Alzheimer’s Disease and is in the Department of Neurology at the University of Michigan. Paulson earned his MD and PhD from Yale University and after he continued his passion with neurology and completed his residence at University of Pennsylvania. Paulson’s theory suggests that genetic factors play an important role in Alzheimer’s and he discusses the specific genes that with mutation could led to onset Alzheimer’s. Alzheimer’s diseases is often caused by mutation in specific genes. The amyloid protein gene is usually discovered first, it encodes the neuronal membrane, and β-amyloid is released, and creates two proteases, β-secretase and gamma-secretase. Presenilins 1 and 2 are a key component of the gamma-secretase. The amyloid protein gene and presenilin 2 mutations are not very common compared to presenilin 1 which mutations are more common. ApoE is the most important genetic risk factor of late onset Alzheimer’s disease. ApoE is a genetic risk factor not a gene that causes the disease through the mutation. People who have the allele sometimes don’t even develop Alzheimer’s and some people do. In this source Paulson discuss the role of genes that cause Alzheimer’s disease and any type of genetic factors in the most common
Alchemists also discovered zinc to protect your skin from the beautiful sun! The alchemist Johann Bottger, stumbled on a material that allowed German workshops to make their own porcelain and break China's monopoly on one of the world's most lucrative industries. Take that China! Who would have thunk! Laugh out
Aluminum is one of a number of soft metals that scientists call "poor" metals. It can be shaped and twisted into any form. It can be rolled into thick plates for armored tanks or into thin foil for chewing gum wrappers. It may be drawn into a wire or made into cans. Aluminum is a generally popular metal because it does not rust and it resists wear from weather and chemicals. (Bowman, 391) Aluminum is an element. Its atomic number is thirteen and its atomic weight is usually twenty-seven. Pure aluminum melts at 660.2ºC and boils at 2500ºC. Its density is 2.7 grams per cube centimeter. Aluminum is never found uncombined in nature. (Bowman, 391) Aluminum is a very useful metal that is light, easy to shape and can be strong. This makes aluminum one of the most used metals in the world, right behind iron and steel. (Geary, 185) In its pure state, aluminum is quite weak compared to the other metals. However, its strength can be greatly increased by adding small amounts of alloying elements, heat-treating, or cold working. Only a small percentage of aluminum is used in its pure form. It is made into such items as electrical conductors, jewelry, and decorative trim for alliances and cars. A combination of the three techniques has produced aluminum alloys that, pound for pound, are stronger than structural steel. Some common metals used in alloys for aluminum are copper, magnesium and zinc.(Walker, 31) The added elements give the aluminum strength and other properties. (Newmark, 41) Aluminum is one of the lightest metals. It weighs about 168.5 pounds per cubic foot, about a third as much as steel which weighs 487 pounds per cubic foot. (Neely, 214) As a result, aluminum has replaced steel for many uses. For example, some ...
Gold was discovered around 6000 BC; it was first discovered in its Natural state un-combined. Gold can be found in the earth’s crust in two different types of deposits: Lode deposits which are deposits in solid rock and placer deposits which are found in stream beds. Aluminium is the 3rd most common element and the most abundant metal. However it was not extracted and used in its pure form until 1825 many years after Gold. Although Aluminium bearing compounds, have been used in pottery, paint and medicines since early civilisations. Aluminium is never found naturally, it is always found combined in a compound or ore. The reason aluminium is always found combined and Gold is found Un-combined is there reactivity. Gold is not very reactive therefore doesn’t reactive with other elements in its environment, however Aluminium is very reactive and reacts with many things within its environment resulting in it always being found combined. The development of both these elements throughout the years between their discovery and now shows us how far human technology has come from not being able to extract aluminium at all, too now Aluminium being the most produced metal on earth and gold becoming one of the most prized elements of all.