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Advantages and disadvantages of concrete production
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It produces lower heat of hydration and has greater resistance to attack of chemical agencies than OPC. Concrete made with PPC is thus considered particularly suitable for construction in sea water, hydraulic works and for mass concrete works.
2.2.1.6 Hydrophobic Cement
Hydrophobic cement is manufactured by adding water repellant chemicals to ordinary Portland cement in the process of grinding. Hence the cement stored does not spoiled even during monsoon. This cement is claimed to remain unaffected when transported during rains also. Hydrophobic cement is mainly used for the construction of water structures such dams, water tanks, spillways, water retaining structures etc.
2.2.1.7 Colored Cement
This Cement is produced by adding 5- 10% mineral
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This type of cement can be used with advantage in mass concrete work such as dams, foundations, and abutments of bridges, retaining walls , construction in sea water.
2.2.1.10 Air Entraining Cement
It is produced by air entraining agents such as resins, glues, sodium salts of sulfate with ordinary Portland cement.
2.2.1.11 High Alumina Cement
High alumina cement (HAC) is special cement, manufactured by mixing of bauxite (aluminum ore) and lime at a certain temperature. This cement is also known as calcium aluminum cement (CAC). The compressive strength of this cement is very high and more workable than ordinary Portland cement.
2.2.1.12 Expansive Cement
The cement which does not shrink during and after the time of hardening but expands slightly with time is called expansive cement. This type of cement is mainly used for grouting anchor bolts and pre-stressed concrete ducts.
2.2.2
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Aggregates those are chemically inert materials which when bonded by cement paste to form concrete constitute the bulk of total volume of concrete & hence they influence the strength of concrete to a great extent. Depending upon their size, the aggregate are classified as the fine aggregate & coarse aggregates. The material passing through 4.75 mm sieve size is termed as fine aggregates. Natural sand or crushed sand is usually mainly as fine aggregates in concrete mixes.
2.2.3.1 Types of aggregate according to its shape
2.2.3.1.1 Rounded
they're not. Concrete is to cement as a cake is to flour. Concrete is a mixture
Besides the known inventions and renovations of the Roman Empire, one of the building materials that the Roman Empire produced was concrete. With its strength, inexpensiveness and its easiness to work, the Roman Empire left an everlasting impact. Concrete that is a mixture of aggregate, which is usually gravel, sand or small stones, binding agents, and water is used to construct buildings and infrastructure. The first one, aggregate, gives the product its mass while the second one, binding agents, is used to harden the product. In the early times of the history, limestone powder was usually used as a binding agent in the mixture. The Romans later used “pulvis puteolanus” (pozzolanic ash), which was a fine volcanic ash as a binding agent and it allowed Romans to have strong concrete that is also durable (Yegeul, n.d.). It was easy to use
It can be used as meat storage, tile shrinker, shipping test tubes, wart remover, chemical retardant, and many more amazing uses.
If the ancient Roman innovation of concrete, were to not have been significant, it would not have continued to be used across the globe. In fact, ancient Roman hydraulic cement-based concrete was so notable that modern day scientists are trying to, “replicate the exact formula for which ancient Roman concrete was made.” This is due to ancient Roman concrete being so sturdy and strong that aspects of it have lasted over 2000 years without deterioration. Without the innovation of Roman concrete, many of the modern world’s infrastructure would not be stable, causing havoc across the globe. Also, advancements in construction, health, and even safety areas would not be possible, as almost every piece of infrastructure, from sewerage and water pipes, to building and security walls, would not be able to remain as safe to use. This is because the modern world relies so heavily on concrete, with around five billion tonnes of concrete being used around the world each year,becoming the single most widely used material in the construction industry. In fact, around 76% of all first-world infrastructure is reinforced with concrete. Without this substance, much of the modern-world's infrastructure would not be as tall or sturdy as what it currently is, as it would simply deteriorate or break. Hydraulic cement-based concrete is certainly the most significant Roman
The most economical method for ground improvement is aggregate piers. Before aggregate piers were used, engineers had to replace the weak soil with an engineering fill in order to use shallow foundations, but in some cases (load is very high) they had to use deep foundations, which is much more expensive. By using aggregate piers, we can now use shallow foundations in marginal soil without having to replace it. By using compacted aggregate to create stiff pier element, aggregate piers help to increase the bearing capacity, liquefaction resistance, shear strength, rate of consolidation and it reduces settlement.
ement occupies approximately 50% of the mixed concrete volume and is responsible for physiomechanical properties of concrete. Cement production is essential to infrastructure and building construction, creating demands in very large quantities. Energy resources invested in the production process and resulting greenhouse gas emissions have become problematic. The cement production process has become among the world’s largest anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide emissions, contributing to approximately 5% of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions, (WBCSD, 2009). Increased pressure is being placed on the industry to reduce CO2 emissions, owning to awareness regarding sustainability....
Lime mortar the earliest form of concrete was invented by the Egyptian way before the time of the Roman republic. A mixture of lime derived from limestones, sand, and water gave a unique property to the material we know as concrete. The Romans apparently understood the number of advantages this unique mixture of building material offered which they called “opus caementicium” after one of the particular ingredients, caementa stone. The Roman style concrete was thicker than the concrete used today, therefore, working with it required a different technic.
Concrete allowed Roams to build arches, domes, and vaults with greater distance. Also, since concrete could set underwater, Romans used it in the construction of harbor structure. Concrete also made it possible for Romans to build several aqueducts which, as explained by the author in The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, helped Rome to supply water to cities and agricultural lands (2016).
[17] BS 4550-3.4:1978. Methods of testing cement, Physical tests, Strength tests. British Standards Institution ; 2007.
Concrete is one of the world’s most popular construction materials. Some six billion tonnes of concrete is produced each year in the world, making it approximately one ton of concrete for every human being per year (Fardis, 2012, p.116). However, the lifecycle of concrete does not make it the most sustainable building material at the moment. Because of limited natural resources, concerns over green house gases, and landfill problems, concrete production is being cut-back, or at least cannot be increased to keep up with population increase. In this essay, I will look at what makes concrete an unsustainable material and possible solutions to make concrete a more sustainable material.
Besides of the piling for the construction, concrete pile can be used for other ways of construction. Concrete pile can used to become a concrete pile walls which resist the soil collapse for a temporary or permanent uses. Moreover, dam construction also use the concrete pile as to reinforce the levees and other structural which might be at the risk of collapse.
Conventional concrete structures are reinforced with non prestressed and prestressed steel. The steel is initially protected against corrosion by the alkalinity of the concrete, usually resulting in durable and serviceable construction. For many structures subjected to aggressive environments, such as marine structures and bridges and parking garages exposed to deicing salts, combinations of moisture, temperature, and chlorides reduce the alkalinity of the concrete and result in the corrosion of reinforcing and prestressing steel.
As my structure is an open spandrel Arch bridge that is made up of Reinforced concrete i.e. concrete as well as steel reinforcement hence it can be benefited by using unconventional concrete that is High Strength or High Performance concrete (HSC or HPC). HSC is that concrete which satisfies all the requisites in terms of all the critical fabrication and utilization at the lowest possible cost.It is a new type of concrete that needed unconventional techniques and componenets.It offers high strength as well as durability to the structure.
Concrete is a composite material used widely in the construction industry. Concrete is basically a mixture of cement, water, aggregates and admixture (sometimes). Cement is a fine gray powder that consists of oxidizes calcium, silicon and aluminum. The aggregate used is normally gravel, crushed stone or sand. Admixture is a solid or liquid substance that gives a certain characteristics of the concrete. The cement reacts with water chemically and binds the aggregates together through a process called hydration during hardening or curing of concrete. It means that water helps in the hardening of the concrete while the cement bind the aggregate and also react with water to form a solid mass.
The actual calcium-to-silicon atomic ratio is typically greater than the value of 1.5 represented by C3S2H8 and may vary up to 2 or more. Because of the variable composition this phase is often simply referred to as calcium silicate hydrate or C-S-H. The C-S-H is the principal cementing compound in portland cement concrete and is largely responsible for providing strength and other properties to the concrete. In addition to C-S-H and CH hydrated portland cement contains aluminofer¬rite phases (AFm and AFt) produced by the hydration of the other portland cement clinker compounds, C3A and C4AF, in the presence of