Introduction
Dengue fever, also known as the “breakbone fever”, is a vector-borne viral disease endemic in tropic and subtropic regions, with around 100 million symptomatic new cases each year worldwide15. It is caused by any one of the four closely-related serotypes or viruses that is spread by multiple species of mosquitoes, in particular the Aedes aegypti 6,13.
Signs and Symptoms
The symptoms include high fever, severe headache, joint and muscle pain and a characteristic rash that resembles measles. In some cases the disease develops into a life-threatening condition called dengue hemorrhagic fever which results in low blood platelet count and bleeding, low blood pressure, enlarged liver, and a shock-like state which may result in death if left untreated13.
Pathogenic Factors
Dengue virus (DENV) is any of the four serotypes that cause the dengue fever or dengue hemorrhagic fever. It is a single positive-stranded RNA virus belonging to the family of Flaviviridae. Its genome is consisted of 11,000 bases that code for three structural proteins, membrane protein M (prM), envelope protein E, capsid protein C, seven nonstructural proteins NS1-NS5, and a short non-coding region on both the 5’ and 3’ ends 2, 6, 19.
The DENV envelope protein E, which is found on the virus surface, has a role as a mediating factor in the initial attachment of the virus to the host cell. Further, several cellular proteins and carbohydrate molecules that act as attachment factors interacting with the viral envelope protein E have been identified. These factors allow the virus population to concentrate on the cell surface thus increasing their chance of access to their target cellular receptor(s). Some of these known molecules that interact with the vi...
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...agic fever 17. The safety measures individuals can take to protect against the transmission of the disease are:
• Wear clothing and shoes that cover exposed areas of the body such as arms, legs, hands, and feet
• Apply insect repellent such as DEET (diethyl toluamide) to exposed areas of the body.
• Use mosquito nets impregnated with insecticides in places where screens for doors and windows are absent.
Treatments
There is no specific treatment for dengue fever. In order to control the fever or pain, it is best to not use aspirin because of the increased risk of bleeding associated with aspirin. Patients must rest and drink fluids, and in case of those with more severe cases of the disease, intravenous fluid would be administered. Also, they will be placed under close monitoring to ensure that the patients don’t lose too much fluid from their bloodstream 2,18.
Yellow fever is a horrible disease for those who begin to show symptoms, and while that number is low, of those who do become ill 50% die; only after having two rounds ...
It was stated that the fever is normally ranged between 102 to 104 degrees 0F (40 degrees 0C), which can last up to 10-12 days after being infected (Harvey, 2015). This high fever may cause one to feel very fatigue and dehydrated, in some cases people may experience a bit of sweating and loss of appetite. In addition, during this infection one may feel a sense of shivering, chills and shaking due to the fact that the body’s immune system is trying to fight the infection, (WHO.2014). The fever itself is said to be caused through the bite of an infected aedes aegypti mosquito. This may cause fever because of the anti-coagulants in the mosquito’s saliva, which cause the blood to clot. Furthermore, fever is not the only effect of Chikungunya in
The discovery of yellow fever would have not been possible if people had not put aside their misconceptions of where diseases originated. Diseases in olden time were believed to be divine punishment to people who had committed bad deeds, and therefore not much was done to try to find cures for diseases like yellow fever. As defined by the World Health Organization, yellow fever an acute viral hemorrhagic diseases transmitted by infected mosquitoes, and a common characteristic of this disease is the development of jaundice which gave it the name "yellow" fever. The mosquito responsible for the transmission of the disease is the female Aedes aegypti mosquito. Her transmission of the disease occurs as a result of it biting an infected host and inside her body the virus multiplies, and afterwards if the mosquito bites someone that person becomes infected.
CP consists of a single domain with high α-helical content [4]. The N-terminal part this domain is surface exposed whereas the C-terminal region buried in the virion. Several experiments indicate the CP is an O-glycoprotein. Equal amounts of galactose and fructose residues are O-linked to an acetylated serine residue at the N-terminal region [2]. This mediates the formation of a structured...
Most people who are exposed to the fungus experience symptoms, but do not get sick. The signs—fever, cough, and exhaustion—are difficult to distinguish from the flu, and can last for weeks to months. In people with weakened immune systems, the infection can cause more severe conditions such as meningitis or death. There is no vaccine for valley fever, and many in the general public (including the medical community) know very little about the illness. This lack of knowledge has allowed many milder cases to go undiagnosed, leading to underreporting.
Polio is a viral disease. It cripples thousands of people and infects even more every year. Even though millions are inoculated, and the polio disease has been successfully purged from hundreds of countries still thousands of people and developing countries are infected and still people are dying. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) polio affects the Central Nervous System, or CNS; by infesting the intestines and transmitting it into the nerves thought the blood vessels. There the virus spreads through the nerve cells to the brain stem or other motor units, while forever damaging the nerves.
Also considered as a hemorrhagic fever, MVD can affect both humans and animals, specifically those of primate species. The virus is classified as a unique strand – so unique that it is one of five in the same family to include that strand of the Ebola virus. The virus can contain as little as one strand to be contagious and can survive up to two weeks in blood specimens at room temperature. The incubation period, which is the time between exposure and when symptoms begin to appear in victims, is 2-21 days. Research suggests that the RNA strand is a filo-virus and that the highest inter-human transmission takes place from contact with body fluids or injections. Subcutaneous transmission also occurs especially when caring for an ailing loved one and/or disposing or pr...
Lyme disease is one of the seven most common diseases reported in the United States to the CDC annually (www.cdc.gov). The rates have gone from 10,000 cases in 1992 to over 30,000 cases in 2009. 95% of these cases were found in the northeast and Midwest regions of the United States (Committee on Lyme Disease, 2011) . More cases happen in this area of the country due to the close proximity of deer to population. The bite itself isn’t the problem, rather the pathogen being spread in mammals from the bite. Lyme disease occurs when a tick penetrates the skin of mammals and the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi enters. Borrelia burgdorferi is carried by ticks named the Ixodes dammini, which is the main vector for Lyme disease. These may also be known as I. scapularis, and may be found on deer (Schilling-McCann, 2010). ¬¬¬In addition to Lyme Disease, ticks may also carry Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever or Tularemia (Smeltzer et al, 2010).
You wouldn’t think the carrier of this disease would come from a little mosquito bite but it does.
A person can prevent the disease. And, there are many ways to do this. One is to put on insect repellent with Deet. Another is to wear long sleeves and long pants. Also, tuck your pants in socks. And, wear a hat. Finally, stay away from wooded areas.
Recent research shows that, there are three major means by which infections can be transmitted and they include direct transmission, indirect transmission and airborne transmission (Hinman,Wasserheit and Kamb,1995). Direct transmission occurs when the physical contact between an infected person and s susceptible person takes place (division of public health, 2011). An example is a health care worker who attends to an Ebola patient, without gloves, gown and mask plus forget to wash his or her hand with soap and hot water and or a person having flu without the use of mask or washes his hand after sneezing easily passes the infection to the other through hand shake or surface touch, living the bacteria there for another vulnerable person to also touch if the surface is not disinfected with bleach. Studies makes it clear that, the spreads takes effect when disease-causing microorganisms pass from the infected person to the healthy person through direct physical contact such as touching of blood, body fluids, contact with oral secretion, bites kissing, contact with body lesions and even sexual contact. However, measles and chicken pox are said to be conditions spread by direct
Heymann, D. (2004). Control of Communicable Diseases Manual.18th edition. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association.
The Ebola virus is also a part of the Filoviridae family, along with Marburg, and contains a lipid envelope and has a single RNA strand. Ebolavirons are approximately 80 nanometers in width and vary in length. They also contain seven structural proteins that are surrounded by the lipid envelope that has an attached glycoprotein. During replication, it goes through translation but during transcription it stops after one or two genes so that on the 3 prime end it is completely transcribed but the 5 prime end is not transcribed and does not possess a 5-cap.
There are currently 40 emerging infectious diseases, that are at risk of spreading from country to country, due to the increase of people traveling. Diseases like Ebola and the Zika virus pose a global threat due to the possible rapid rate of transmission from human-to-human, that occurs with exposure to someone who is symptomatic and seropositive (World Health Organization, 2016-a). When there is an infectious disease breakout, public health practitioners and physicians, must make quick decisions regarding isolation of a patient exhibiting symptoms and using quarantine for those who have been exposed to someone symptomatic or seropositive. Although, a public health framework is followed to make the decisions for isolation and
Yellow Fever is a disease that is transmitted by infected mosquitos from person to person that is typically found in tropical and subtropical areas such as South America and Africa. Currently in Brazil, a Yellow Fever outbreak is one of the worst the country has ever seen. The disease is spreading rapidly in large cities such as Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo. This rapid spread of Yellow Fever is threatening to become Brazil’s first epidemic since 1942. In order to prevent this epidemic, health officials are attempting to vaccinate 95 percent of the population in 77 cities across Brazil that are at risk for the spread of Yellow Fever, totaling approximately 23 million people.