A kinetic study of the reaction between aqueous sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid
Aim: To carry out a complete kinetic study of the reaction between aqueous sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid:
Equation: Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)
PART A
To deduce the order of the reaction with respect to the concentrations of sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid the experiment will be carried out at constant temperature and the time interval between the addition of HCl and the obscuring of the ink cross on white paper by the solid yellow sulphur precipitate will be measured for a constant volume of solution that uses 3 varying concentrations of Na2S2O3(aq) while maintaining the concentration of HCl(aq)
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This is given by the equation: Rate = Amount of sulphur
Time
The amount of sulphur needed to obscure the cross is assumed to be the same in each reaction so therefore,
Rate = 1
Time
Then, the data will be placed in a table to determine the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction and hence the order of both reactants can be formed. Adding up both orders of the reactants gives the overall order of the reaction.
PART B
To find out the effect of temperature on the rate of the reaction the time interval between the addition of HCl and the obscuring of the ink cross on white paper by the solid yellow sulphur precipitate at five different temperatures must be recorded. A graph showing time taken vs. temperature will produce a curve showing the effect of varying temperature on the rate of reaction.
The Arrhenius equation ln k = ln A – (Ea / RT) can be shown graphically by plotting a graph of ln (t) against ln (1/T). The gradient of this graph = - (Ea / RT) which can be used to calculate activation energy. The y-intercept of the line = ln A where A is the
Arrhenius constant for the
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Many factors affect the rate of a reaction, one of which is concentration. For any reaction to happen, the reactant particles must first collide. This is true whether both particles are in solution, or whether one is in solution and the other is a solid. If the concentration is higher, there are more particles in the same volume so the chances of collision are greater therefore the rate of reaction increases. However, this is not always the case because the rates of most reactions can be related to the concentrations of individual reactants by the rate law: Rate = k[X]n (where ‘n’ gives the order of the reaction). This expression can only be determined experimentally and cannot be predicted from the balanced equation or in any other way. So if the concentration of one of the reactants is doubled and the rate also doubles, the order of reaction (with respect to that reactant) is 1, because it shows that rate is proportional to concentration to the power 1. If the concentration of one of the reactants in doubled and the rate is four times greater, the order
Finally, plan your move carefully. Since the South is well-known for its hot weather and humid atmosphere, moving during the fall presents the best opportunity. You should also pay attention to what is going on in the neighborhood you plan to move into. For example, if you are moving into an area with a nearby college, you should avoid moving the day the students will be moving back into their
Systematic discrimination against women and girls with disabilities continues to result in the denial of the rights to experience their sexuality, to have sexual relationships and to found and maintain families. While the right to integrity and the right of a woman to make her own reproductive choices are contained in a number of international human rights treaties, women with disabilities continue to be denied these rights through practices such as forced sterilization, sexual violence and the removal of their legal capacity in many parts of the world. I have always been interested in those with disabilities. My parents used to run a home dedicated to taking proper care of those with intellectual and physical disabilities and I grew up being surrounded them. Many of them I am still friends with to this day and I find it interesting to see the stigma that surrounds those who are disabled, those who I call my friends.
The strike affected much of the country, and it had great influence on public opinion on the rights of workers. It showed how the roles of management and the roles of government handled this situation. The Pullman Strike of 1894 and its aftermath had a huge effect on the course of the labor movement in the United States. The use of federal troops and the labor injunction sent a message to U.S. workers that would not change until the new deal of the 1930s. George Pullman was no longer look at as the great enlightened employer who took care of his workers, but a greedy intolerant man. After the strike he was worried that people would rob him so when he was buried he had it lined in concrete so no one could. The Pullman strike ultimately was unsuccessful at the time. Workers were sent to jail and many couldn’t find any jobs after. Although, it was successful in several ways. The federal government was involved for the first time in history because of a strike, and because they all took a stand for their human rights it impacted the future and how workers are treated
as the “r-value” and “r” can be any value between -1 and +1. It can be
"Disability the facts." New Internationalist Nov. 2013: 20+. Advanced Placement Government and Social Studies Collection. Web. 27 May 2014.
Thanks to Ed Roberts, Mary Switzer and Gini Laurie the 3 major players in the Independent Living and Civil Rights movement, people with disabilities now have access to public schools with an Individualized program, access to buildings, facilities, buses for transportation and are protected by law from discrimination. “Approximately 50 million people today lead independent, self-affirming lives who define themselves according to their personhood their ideas, beliefs, hopes and dreams above and beyond their disability” (A Brief History,
In September 1973, President Richard M. Nixon signed into law HR 8070, sponsored by Rep. John Brandemas (D-IN). From a legal perspective, this represented a profound and historic shift in America’s disability policy. With the passage of Section 504 of HR 8070 (named The Rehabilitation Act of 1973), which banned discrimination on the basis of disability, this marked the first time people with disabilities were viewed as a group - a minority group. This Section also provided opportunities for children and adults with disabilities in education and employment and allowed for reasonable accommodations such as special study areas and assistance as needed for students with disabilities.
The Effect of Temperature of Hydrochloric Acid on the Rate of Reaction Between Hydrochloric Acid and Magnesium
Effect of Temperature on the Rate of Reaction between Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid Investigation Chemical reactions are used in our everyday life, they literally keep us alive. They are used in food, respiration and everywhere else in the environment. A chemical reaction mainly occurs when reactants react together to produce a new product. The speed at which this reaction takes place is called the rate of reaction. The product produced has a number of particles in the solution that has formed from the reactants.
Now knowing that the Arabs lacked equal rights and were perceived to be inferior to the French, I realized the complete absurdity of Meursault’s trial in both social and racial context of the time period. Camus shows that a murder of an Arab should not be tried differently from any other murder case. Even if such a case were considered an abnormality in the cultural context, the equal treatment of Arabs should not be seen as irrational, but rather essential. The racial inequalities present in Algeria also made me understand why most of the prisoners were Arabs. Camus made the majority of the prisoners Arabs to demonstrate how preconceived prejudices against the Arabs ruled society during this time. Camus’s depiction of Algerian society in The Stranger reveals the discrimination that the Arabs faced and presents his criticisms toward the injustices against
From “The Stranger” we can see that Albert Camus to express his strong disproval the French colonists’ brutal behavior through Meursault’s monologue. In reality, Albert Camus is actually more like a supporter of peace. He dose not advocate for either French colonists or Algerian natives if their activities become violent. What Albert Camus advocates is that a peaceful truce between French and Algeria.
Check the weather – While you are focusing all of your attention to the planning of the moving, don't forget to keep an eye on the weather for the following days. It is true that things can change instantly but it is still nice to be informed. Prepare warm clothes and appropriate shoes which will allow you to move without problems in case there is
Rate of Reaction Between Calcium Carbonate and Hydrochloric Acid Plan: In my experiment I will measure the rate of reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid. The rate of the reaction is the speed that the reaction takes place so by measuring the rate I will measure the amount of time the reaction takes. Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid that is found in digestive juices in the stomach, it is also used for cleaning metals before they are coated. Calcium carbonate has a few forms including chalk and limestone the main use of these two materials is in the making of concrete, which is used for many things such as buildings. When you put calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid together they react to form calcium chloride, carbon dioxide and water.
The conflict is established at the end of Part I, when Meursault kills an Arab; an action not uncommon in Algiers during this period of social unrest (the 1930’s). He does not do it intentionally, but rather because of the intensity of the moment and the blinding sunlight reflecting off of the Arab’s blade. The fact that Meursault kills an Arab is of little importance in this novel. The jury and the general population despise him because he is different, not because of the murder. Even Meursault’s lawyer predicts that the punishment will be minimal. Throughout the entire trial, the prosecution stresses Meursault’s lifestyle and his indifference to everything. They bring up his mother’s funeral and say that he showed no signs of emotion. To make things worse, he went to a Fernandel comedy and had sex with Marie on the very next day. The prosecutor once states, “...all I see is a monster.”
from 10cm to 50cm to make it easier to see the difference in a graph.