The Erradication of Poliomyelitis: Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV), and Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV)

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Introduction

Poliomyelitis, commonly known as “Polio”, is an acute motor disease caused by the poliovirus that targets the anterior horn cells of the human spinal cord, and in severe cases results in acute flaccid paralysis (Alberta Health and Wellness, 2011), which can progress to permanent paralysis. It mainly affects children under the age of five, although individuals of any age may contract it (World Health Organization, 2013 [C]). Historical outbreaks, most prominently the 1916 and 1952 epidemics in the United States, led to the development of two separate vaccines: Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV), and Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV). Although polio has seen over a 99% decrease in cases since 1988 and has largely been eradicated in the developed world (World Health Organization, 2013 [A]), it continues to be an epidemic in three countries: Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan (The Global Polio Eradication Initiative, 2010). Polio is a major concern in third world countries where sanitation and hygiene levels are low, as it is spread through the oral-fecal route, generally by the use of contaminated food and water (World Health Organization, n.d.). Difficulties arise in the distribution of vaccines in many third world countries when storage requirements cannot be met in remote areas (Kanani, 2013).

Motor and Muscular Systems

The central nervous system consists of the spinal cord and the brain. The spinal cord is surrounded and protected by the vertebral column, which is divided into three sections of vertebrae- cervical vertebrae (C1 to C7), thoracic vertebrae (T1 to T12), and lumbar vertebrae (L1 to L5). The sacrum and the coccyx (tailbone) are attached at the bottom. The spinal cord is made up of both grey and white matter. The f...

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...hD. (2007). Eradication versus control for poliomyelitis: an economic analysis [Abstract]. The Lancet, 369(9570), 1363 - 1371. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60532-7

World Health Organization. (n.d.). Transmission of poliovirus. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/vaccines/en/poliolab/webhelp/Chapter_01/1_4_Transmission_of_polio_virus.htm [A] World Health Organization. (2013). Does polio still exist? Is it curable?. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/features/qa/07/en/

[B] World Health Organization. (2013). Poliomyelitis. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/biologicals/areas/vaccines/poliomyelitis/en/ [C] World Health Organization. (2013). Poliomyelitis. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs114/en/ Zieve, D, MD, Vorvick, L. J, MD, & Vyas, J.M, MD. (2012). Poliomyelitis. Retrieved from
http://umm.edu/Health/Medical/Ency/Articles/Poliomyelitis

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